Figure 2.

Tumoroids from primary liver cancers. Liver cancer tumoroids can be derived from the major liver cancer subtypes: hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CCC), combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCC), and hepatoblastoma (HB). ICO culture enables the parallel culture of non-tumor organoids from adjacent tissue. The non-tumor organoids form large transparent cysts with thin cell layers, unlike the tumoroids, which are dense in structure with invaginating layers of cells. Patient-specific tumoroids can also be co-cultured with patient blood–derived or tumor–derived immune cells for mechanistic studies and the evaluation of immune-drug responses. These organoids provide a platform for the mechanistic study of primary liver cancer (PLC) initiation and progression and the future development of precision medicine.