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. 2023 Mar 6;29(3):643–669. doi: 10.3350/cmh.2022.0428

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Copyright © 2023 by The Korean Association for the Study of the Liver

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 3. — Patient-derived organoids for precision medicine. The organoid culture platforms have enabled researchers to generate patientspecific cellular models for precision applications, including various therapeutics and toxicity tests, regenerative therapy, and evaluations of organ susceptibility to viral infection. Accumulating such patient samples in large biobanks will enable genotype-to-phenotype correlation research and other pharmacogenomic studies. HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; PSC, pluripotent stem cell; HE, hepatic endoderm; MSC, Mesenchymal Stem Cells; EC, endothelial cell; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; HLA-DP, Major histone compatibility.