Table 1.
Risk factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma development in patients with chronic hepatitis B
| Hepatitis B viral factors | Host factors | Environment factors |
|---|---|---|
| HBeAg positivity | Male gender | Alcohol |
| High viral load | Increasing age | Cigarette |
| HBV integration | Family history of HCC | Aflatoxin |
| HBV Genotype C | Advanced fibrosis | HCV, HDV, HIV coinfection |
| Core promoter mutation | Cirrhosis | Fine particle pollution (PM2.5) |
| Higher HBsAg level (low viral load) | Diabetes | |
| Higher HBcrAg level (intermediate viral load) | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | |
| NTCP GG allele |
HBeAg, hepatitis B e antigen; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HBcrAg, hepatitis B core related antigen; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; NTCP, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HDV, hepatitis D virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; PM2.5, particulate matter 2.5.