Table 4.
The common risk factors a for xerostomia based on demographic and health behavior variables.
| Independent Factors | Categories (Total n = 623) | OR | 95% CI | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male (reference) | 1.57 | 1.13–2.18 | 0.007 * |
| Female | ||||
| Age (years) | 50–59 (reference) | - | - | - |
| 60–69 | 2.10 | 1.36–3.22 | 0.001 * | |
| Over 69 | 2.55 | 1.95–3.53 | 0.005 * | |
| Toothpaste (type 1) | SLS-free (reference) | 1.00 | 0.59–1.68 | 0.082 |
| Containing SLS | ||||
| Toothpaste (type 2) | Spicy herbal extracts-free (ref.) | 1.86 | 0.82–1.90 | 0.039 * |
| Containing spicy herbal extracts | ||||
| Toothpaste (type 3) | Artificial sweeteners-free (ref.) | 0.87 | 0.62–1.21 | 0.041 * |
| Containing artificial sweeteners | ||||
| Education | None (reference) | - | - | - |
| Elementary school | 0.45 | 0.10–2.01 | 0.297 | |
| High School | 0.48 | 0.18–1.27 | 0.143 | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 0.62 | 0.24–1.57 | 0.314 | |
| Higher than bachelor’s degree | 0.50 | 0.19–1.30 | 0.158 | |
| Years since diabetes diagnosis | 0–5 (reference) | - | - | - |
| 6–10 | 2.36 | 1.41–3.95 | 0.001 * | |
| Over 10 | 7.42 | 4.46–12.34 | <0.001 ** | |
| HbA1c (%) | ≤6.5 (reference) | - | - | - |
| 6.6–6.9 | 1.64 | 0.90–3.00 | 0.106 | |
| ≥7 | 4.96 | 3.02–8.13 | <0.001 ** | |
| Having systemic diseases other than diabetes | No (reference) | 6.25 | 3.60–10.86 | <0.001 ** |
| Yes | ||||
| Systemic diseases other than diabetes | None (reference) | - | - | - |
| Hypertension | 5.45 | 3.58–8.28 | <0.001 ** | |
| Dyslipidemia | 4.06 | 2.79–5.90 | <0.001 ** | |
| Cardiovascular disorders | 13.26 | 1.64–26.73 | 0.015 * | |
| Thyroid disorders | 2.70 | 1.10–6.62 | 0.030* | |
| Hematologic disorders | 4.39 | 1.15–16.74 | 0.030 * | |
| Renal disorders | 2.65 | 1.58–4.46 | <0.001 ** | |
| Respiratory disorders | 1.37 | 0.79–2.40 | 0.259 | |
| Allergy | 1.27 | 0.83–1.93 | 0.262 | |
| Gout | 3.50 | 1.80–6.80 | <0.001 ** | |
| Having medications | No (reference) | 4.21 | 2.58–6.88 | <0.001 ** |
| Yes | ||||
| Medications | None (reference) | - | - | - |
| Antihypertensive medication | 5.86 | 3.85–8.91 | <0.001 ** | |
| Antidyslipidemic agents | 4.28 | 2.97–6.16 | <0.001 ** | |
| Antiplatlet and anticoagulant medication | 2.35 | 1.68–3.30 | <0.001 ** | |
| Pain medication | 1.02 | 0.72–1.44 | 0.907 | |
| Gastrointestinal agents | 1.25 | 0.46–3.42 | 0.654 | |
| Cardiovascular medication | 2.86 | 0.83–9.89 | 0.096 | |
| Antihistamine | 0.98 | 0.60–1.59 | 0.939 | |
| Smoking (cigarettes per day) | Never (reference) | 16.49 | 13.80–17.48 | <0.001 ** |
| 1–5 | ||||
| Alcohol consumption | No (reference) | 6.73 | 3.99–11.35 | <0.001 ** |
| Yes | ||||
| Alcohol consumption frequency | Never (reference) | - | - | - |
| Monthly or less | 6.54 | 3.13–13.65 | <0.001 ** | |
| 2–4 times a month | 5.15 | 2.32–11.44 | <0.001 ** | |
| 2–3 times a week | 21.10 | 2.68–26.18 | 0.004 * | |
| 4 or more times a week | 8.44 | 0.93–16.09 | 0.057 | |
| Denture wearing | No (reference) | 3.94 | 2.00–7.74 | <0.001 ** |
| Yes | ||||
| Type of denture | None (reference) | - | - | - |
| Complete dentures | 7.88 | 2.01–8.93 | 0.039 * | |
| Removable partial dentures | 9.41 | 6.01–12.01 | 0.009 * | |
| Fixed partial dentures | 2.22 | 1.78–6.62 | 0.001 * | |
| Types of toothpastes | Subcategories | OR | 95% CI | p-Value |
| Toothpaste containing SLS (type 1: n = 555) | HbA1c ≤ 6.5% (n = 122) (reference) | 0.24 | 0.14–1.40 | 0.071 |
| HbA1c ≥ 6.6% (n = 433) | ||||
| Toothpaste containing spicy herbal extracts (type 2: n = 451) | HbA1c ≤ 6.5% (n = 97) (reference) | 4.34 | 1.94–5.76 | <0.001 ** |
| HbA1c ≥ 6.6% (n = 354) | ||||
| Toothpaste containing artificial sweeteners (type 3: n = 255) | HbA1c ≤ 6.5% (n = 55) (reference) | 0.36 | 0.17–0.73 | 0.005 * |
| HbA1c ≥ 6.6% (n = 200) |
a The common risk factors were identified by bivariable logistic regression; OR = odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; * p-values were significant (p < 0.05); ** p-values were significant (p < 0.001).