Table 4.

Summary of biomarkers of cardiovascular disease, lung biomarkers, and new perspectives in COVID-19.

Authors	Type of Study	Biomarker	Patients	Outcome
Huang et al. [60] Year 2020	Prospective studies (Classified also as Trial on Pubmed)	Troponin and Lymphocyte count	60 patients	The higher levels of troponin T and lower lymphocyte count were predictors of disease progression.
Liaqat et al. [61] Year 2021	Prospective studies (Classified also as Trial on Pubmed)	Troponin and Lymphocyte count	201 patients	COVID-19 disease favors cardiovascular injury among critical and non-critical patients.
Ileri et al. [62] Year 2021	Propsective study	Troponin	74 patients	COVID-19 patients with severe CT findings and progressive disease had higher hs-cTnI levels
Perez et al. [63] Year 2021	Propsective study	CD31, CD34 and vascular endothelial cadherin. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β	16 patients (lung biopsy)	These vascular alterations may contribute to the severe and refractory hypoxaemia in COVID-19
Gelzo et al. [64] Year 2022	Prospective studies (Classified also as Trial on Pubmed)	Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 3 and 9	108 patients	MMP3 may help to early predict the severity of COVID-19
Danlos et al. [65]	Prospective studies (Classified also as Trial on Pubmed)	Metabolome	72 patients	Metabolome are associated with COVID-19 severity of disease and possible target
Wick et al. [66]	Prospective studies (Classified also as Trial on Pubmed)	RAGE	277 patients	Plasma sRAGE may be a promising biomarker for COVID-19 prognostication
Zeng et al. [67]	Prospective studies (Classified also as Trial on Pubmed)	Serum sST2	80 patients	Serum sST2 levels in nonsurviving cases were persistently high in COVID-19 patients