Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by early and later life weight status (n = 11,288).
| Early (18 years) and Later Life (≥70 years) Weight Status * (Mean ± SD or n (%) or Median (IQR)) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Healthy Weight | Overweight | Non-Obesity to Obesity | Obesity to Non-Obesity | Early and Later Life Obesity | p-Value | p-Value Gender Interaction |
| N | 3494 (30.9%) | 5135 (45.5%) | 2431 (21.6%) | 95 (0.8%) | 133 (1.2%) | ||
| Demographic Factors | |||||||
| Age years mean ± SD | 75.5 ± 4.5 | 75.1 ± 4.3 | 74.5 ±3.7 | 76.6 ± 5.1 | 74.6 ± 3.7 | <0.001 | 0.14 |
| Gender | |||||||
| Men | 1350 (38.6%) | 2725 (53.1%) | 957 (39.4%) | 42 (44.2%) | 66 (49.6%) | <0.001 | 0.41 |
| Women | 2144 (61.4%) | 2410 (46.9%) | 1474 (60.6%) | 53 (55.8%) | 67 (50.4%) | ||
| Living situation | |||||||
| At home with family/friends | 2359 (67.5%) | 3724 (72.5%) | 1658 (68.2%) | 51 (53.7%) | 91 (68.4%) | <0.001 | 0.42 |
| At home alone | 1135 (32.5%) | 1411 (27.5%) | 773 (31.8%) | 44 (46.3%) | 42 (31.6%) | ||
| Partner status | |||||||
| Partnered | 1943 (64.2%) | 3138 (70.1%) | 1300 (63.1%) | 45 (54.9%) | 66 (58.4%) | <0.001 | 0.22 |
| Unpartnered | 1084 (35.8%) | 1338 (29.9%) | 762 (36.9%) | 37 (45.1%) | 47 (41.6%) | ||
| Years of education | |||||||
| <12 years | 1993 (57.0%) | 3072 (59.8%) | 1595 (65.6%) | 65 (68.4%) | 89 (66.9%) | <0.001 | 0.80 |
| >12 years | 1501 (43.9%) | 2063 (40.2%) | 835 (34.3%) | 30 (31.5%) | 44 (33.1%) | ||
| Region | |||||||
| Major city | 1204 (34.6%) | 1869 (36.5%) | 890 (36.7%) | 41 (43.1%) | 44 (33.1%) | <0.001 | 0.19 |
| Inner region | 1912 (54.9%) | 2629 (51.4%) | 1224 (50.5%) | 45 (47.4%) | 63 (47.4%) | ||
| Outer/remote regional | 367 (10.5%) | 620 (12.1%) | 309 (12.8%) | 9 (9.5%) | 26 (19.5%) | ||
| Economic factors | |||||||
| Area level socioeconomic status (SEIFA) | |||||||
| Least advantaged | 1050 (30.2%) | 1694 (33.1%) | 919 (37.9%) | 32 (33.7%) | 58 (43.6%) | <0.001 | 0.005 |
| Middle tertial | 1289 (37.0%) | 1971 (38.5%) | 910 (37.6%) | 44 (46.3%) | 49 (36.8%) | ||
| Most advantaged | 1144 (32.8%) | 1453 (28.4%) | 594 (24.5%) | 19 (20.0%) | 26 (19.6%) | ||
| Paid work | |||||||
| No | 2722 (91.9%) | 3948 (89.9%) | 1850 (91.2%) | 71 (88.8%) | 89 (85.6%) | 0.013 | 0.39 |
| Full-time/part-time | 240 (8.1%) | 444 (10.1%) | 179 (8.8%) | 9(11.3%) | 15 (14.4%) | ||
| Volunteer work | |||||||
| No | 1604 (53.5%) | 2586 (58.6%) | 1231 (60.3%) | 38 (47.5%) | 70 (63.1%) | <0.001 | 0.09 |
| Yes | 1397 (46.5%) | 1828 (41.4%) | 810 (39.7%) | 42 (52.5%) | 41 (36.9%) | ||
| Health-Related Behaviours | |||||||
| Physical activity in middle age | |||||||
| Never/rarely/light | 279 (9.2%) | 450 (10.1%) | 231 (11.3%) | 12 (14.8%) | 16 (14.8%) | 0.035 | 0.015 |
| Moderate/vigorous | 2748 (90.8%) | 4010 (78.1%) | 1815 (88.7%) | 69 (85.2%) | 92 (85.2%) | ||
| Physical activity at ≥70 years | |||||||
| Never/rarely/light | 783 (25.9%) | 1325 (29.8%) | 981 (47.9%) | 23 (29.1%) | 53 (49.1%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Moderate/vigorous | 2241 (74.1%) | 3120 (70.2%) | 1063 (52.1%) | 56 (70.9%) | 55 (50.9%) | ||
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Never | 2090 (59.8%) | 2727 (53.1%) | 1271 (52.3%) | 57 (60.0%) | 65 (48.9%) | <0.001 | 0.07 |
| Former/Current | 1404 (40.2%) | 2408 (46.9%) | 1160 (47.7%) | 38 (40.0%) | 68 (51.1%) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | |||||||
| Never | 514 (14.7%) | 709 (13.8%) | 432 (17.8%) | 23 (24.2%) | 28 (21.1%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Former/Current—Low Risk | 2067 (59.2%) | 2993 (58.3%) | 1490 (61.3%) | 54 (56.8%) | 76 (57.1%) | ||
| Current—High Risk | 913 (26.1%) | 1433 (27.9%) | 509 (20.9%) | 18 (19.0%) | 29 (21.8%) | ||
| Social health | |||||||
| Positive | 3257 (93.2%) | 4794 (93.4%) | 2217 (91.2%) | 87 (91.6%) | 124 (93.2%) | 0.011 | 0.46 |
| Lonely/socially isolated/and/or low social support | 237 (6.8%) | 340 (6.6%) | 214 (8.8%) | 8 (8.4%) | 9 (6.8%) | ||
| Depressive symptoms | |||||||
| <8 low depressive symptoms | 3211 (91.9%) | 4703 (91.6%) | 2140 (88.1%) | 82 (86.3%) | 118 (88.7%) | <0.001 | 0.53 |
| ≥8 high depressive symptoms | 283 (8.1%) | 432 (8.4%) | 291 (11.9%) | 13 (13.7%) | 15 (11.3%) | ||
| Health-related Quality of Life median (IQR) | |||||||
| Mental component score | 57.2 (52.3–60.0) | 57.2 (52.9–60.2) | 57.3 (52.3–61.4) | 57.2 (52.4–60.9) | 57.1 (52.3–61.1) | 0.0086 | 0.60 |
| Physical component | 52.5 (46.2–56.1) | 51.0 (44.0–55.5) | 46.0 (38.3–52.5) | 49.6 (43.2–55.1) | 43.1 (38.1–51.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Clinical Measures | |||||||
| Hypertension | |||||||
| No | 1221 (34.9%) | 1281 (24.9%) | 372 (15.3%) | 24 (25.3%) | 22 (16.5%) | <0.001 | 0.85 |
| Yes | 2273 (65.1%) | 3854 (75.1%) | 2059 (84.7%) | 71 (74.7%) | 111 (83.5%) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | |||||||
| No | 3328 (95.3%) | 4686 (91.3%) | 2016 (82.9%) | 87 (91.6%) | 104 (78.2%) | <0.001 | 0.22 |
| Yes | 166 (4.7%) | 449 (8.7%) | 415 (17.1%) | 8 (8.4%) | 29 (21.8%) | ||
| Dyslipidaemia | |||||||
| No | 1153 (33.0%) | 1640 (31.9%) | 717 (29.5%) | 33 (34.7%) | 38 (28.6%) | 0.054 | 0.67 |
| Yes | 2341 (67.0%) | 3495 (68.1%) | 1714 (70.5%) | 62 (65.3%) | 95 (71.4%) | ||
| Cognitive performance | |||||||
| 3MS | 93.9 ± 4.42 | 93.6 ± 4.38 | 93.6 ± 4.36 | 92.5 ± 5.20 | 93.4 ± 4.34 | 0.0013 | 0.63 |
| COWAT | 12.7 ± 4.61 | 12.2 ± 4.65 | 11.9 ± 4.53 | 10.9 ± 4.23 | 11.4 ± 4.31 | <0.001 | 0.048 |
| SDMT | 37.5 ± 10.03 | 37.2 ± 9.93 | 36.9 ± 9.59 | 33.6 ± 10.47 | 34.3 ± 8.74 | <0.001 | 0.58 |
| HVLT-R Delayed Recall | 5.7 ± 2.07 | 5.6 ± 1.98 | 5.7 ± 1.98 | 5.2 ± 1.97 | 5.4 ± 2.02 | 0.006 | 0.77 |
* Early to later life weight status excludes individuals underweight at age 70. Healthy weight (at both age 18 and ≥70 years), overweight (at either or both times), non-obese (age 18 years) to obesity (age ≥ 70 years), obesity (age 18 years) to non-obese (age ≥ 70 years), and early and later life obesity (at age 18 and ≥70 years). n = number of observations; SD = standard deviation; p-Values are from ANOVA or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests (continuous), or Chi-square tests (categorical variables). SEIFA: the socioeconomic indexes for areas based on the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Advantage and Disadvantage, which is based on residential postcode. Depressive symptoms: Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression. Health-related Quality of Life (SF-12). Hypertension: high blood pressure measurement of systolic ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic ≥ 90 mmHg or anti-hypertensive medications use. Diabetes: self-report of diabetes or fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL or diabetes medications. Dyslipidaemia: cholesterol-lowering medications or high serum cholesterol (total ≥ 212 mg/dL, or high-density lipoprotein ≥ 240 mg/dL or low-density lipoprotein >160 mg/dL). 3MS: Modified Mini-Mental State Examination. COWAT: Controlled Oral Word Association Test. SDMT: Symbol Digit Modalities Test. HVLT-R: the delayed recall score: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test—Revised.