Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Participants in Strong Beginnings (SB) and Usual Care Before and After Propensity Score Matching.
| Characteristic | Before matching, % | After matching, %a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SB (n = 1086) |
Usual care (n = 124 166) |
ASMD | SB (n = 1081) |
Usual care (n = 123 922) |
ASMD | |
| Prior Medicaid coverageb | 80.9 | 81.8 | −0.02 | 80.9 | 80.8 | <0.01 |
| Maternal age, mean (SD), y | 25.5 (5.8) | 26.6 (5.5) | −0.20 | 25.6 (5.8) | 25.6 (5.9) | −0.01 |
| Married | 19.4 | 32.3 | −0.30 | 19.5 | 19.8 | −0.01 |
| Race and ethnicityc | ||||||
| Hispanic | 31.2 | 9.1 | 0.57 | 31.4 | 31.4 | <0.01 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 56.1 | 26.8 | 0.62 | 56.1 | 56.1 | <0.01 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 8.9 | 59.0 | −1.25 | 9.0 | 9.0 | <0.01 |
| Otherd | 3.8 | 5.0 | −0.06 | 3.6 | 3.6 | <0.01 |
| Maternal education | ||||||
| <High school | 38.1 | 17.5 | 0.47 | 37.9 | 37.1 | 0.02 |
| High school | 39.0 | 39.1 | 0.00 | 39.0 | 39.6 | −0.01 |
| Some college or higher | 22.9 | 43.3 | −0.44 | 23.0 | 23.3 | −0.01 |
| Have prior births | 71.9 | 74.6 | −0.06 | 72.0 | 72.3 | −0.01 |
| Have previous preterm | 5.7 | 4.0 | 0.08 | 5.7 | 5.7 | <0.01 |
| Have previous rapid repeat pregnancye | 26.8 | 27.5 | −0.02 | 26.7 | 27.0 | −0.01 |
| Maternal BMI,f mean (SD) | 29.8 (8.3) | 28.2 (7.5) | 0.21 | 29.8 (8.3) | 29.8 (8.6) | <0.01 |
| Medical risks | ||||||
| Diabetesg | 6.2 | 6.8 | −0.03 | 6.2 | 6.3 | −0.01 |
| Hypertensiong | 5.8 | 4.4 | 0.06 | 5.8 | 5.8 | <0.01 |
| Asthmah | 5.6 | 4.6 | 0.05 | 5.6 | 5.6 | <0.01 |
| Substance/alcohol/mental disordersi | 36.2 | 25.8 | 0.23 | 36.0 | 35.7 | 0.01 |
| High-risk pregnancyj | 58.4 | 30.3 | 0.59 | 58.2 | 57.1 | 0.02 |
| Neighborhood characteristics, tract, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Racialized economic segregationk | −0.06 (0.1) | −0.02 (0.2) | −0.23 | −0.07 (0.1) | −0.06 (0.2) | −0.02 |
| COI education score | 27.9 (19.8) | 36.8 (25.3) | −0.39 | 27.8 (19.6) | 28.4 (24.2) | −0.03 |
| COI health score | 21.1 (16.4) | 37.6 (27.5) | −0.73 | 21.1 (16.4) | 21.8 (19.0) | −0.03 |
| COI socioeconomic score | 29.6 (21.6) | 35.1 (24.9) | −0.23 | 29.4 (21.4) | 29.8 (23.8) | −0.02 |
Abbreviations: ASMD, absolute standardized mean difference; BMI, body mass index; COI, Child Opportunity Index 2.0; ICD-9-CM, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; ICD-10-CM, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification .
Participants in the Strong Beginnings program were matched to those in usual care by their propensity score using kernel matching with exact match on Black and Hispanic participants and cross-validated bandwidth selection. The balance between the 2 groups was assessed with ASMD less than 0.05.
Medicaid coverage at any point up to 12 months before conception (excluding the month of conception).
As reported on the birth record.
Includes American Indian/Alaskan Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander, multiple races.
Prior rapid repeat pregnancy if prior pregnancy is less than or equal to 18 months from prior birth to conception.
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
Chronic diabetes (excludes gestational diabetes) using ICD-9-CM in 249.x, 250.x, 790.2x, V4585, V5491, V6546 and ICD-10-CM in E08.x, E09.x, E10.x, E11.x, E13.x or chronic hypertension (excludes gestational hypertension) using ICD-9-CM in 401.X and ICD-10-CM in I10.X, I67.4, N26.2 from birth records or claims up to 12 months prior to conception through pregnancy.
Chronic asthma from claims up to 12 months prior to conception through pregnancy using ICD-9-CM in 493.x and ICD-10-CM in J45.2x and J45.9x.
Mental, alcohol-related, and substance-related disorders are from claims up to 12 months prior to conception through the first 3 months of pregnancy, using codes as a combination from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s clinical classifications software for ICD-9-CM and clinical classification software (beta) for ICD-10-CM as defined by category 5 in the multilevel category and ICD-10-CM codes from the following default categories in the CCSR: EXT021, FAC021, INJ075, MBD001, MBD002, MBD003, MBD005, MBD007, MBD008, MBD009, MBD012, MBD013, MBD014, MBD017, MBD018, MBD019, MBD020, MBD021, MBD022, MBD023, MBD025, MBD027, MBD034, NVS011, SYM008, and SYM009.
Claims with ICD-9-CM in V23.x or ICD-10-CM in O09.x in the first 3 months of pregnancy.
Measured with index of concentration at the extremes using both race and ethnicity and income to jointly measure racial and economic segregation at census tract following Krieger et al.30