Table 2. Stepwise Regressions Estimating the Role of Social Isolation on Hospital Stays and Nursing Home Use Before and After Adjusting for Covariatesa.
| Model | Included variables | Hospitalization | Skilled nursing facility stays | Nursing home placement | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | MME (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | MME (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | MME (95% CI) | ||
| A | Social isolation score only | 1.10 (1.06 to 1.12)b | 0.016 (0.010 to 0.022)b | 1.42 (1.31 to 1.54)b | 0.010 (0.007 to 0.012)b | 2.22 (1.91 to 2.58)b | 0.012 (0.010 to 0.014)b |
| B | Plus demographics | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.08) | 0.005 (−0.001 to 0.012) | 1.24 (1.14 to 1.36)b | 0.006 (0.004 to 0.009)b | 1.86 (1.49 to 2.33)b | 0.007 (0.005 to 0.010)b |
| C | Plus behavior covariates | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.05) | 0.002 (−0.004 to 0.009) | 1.22 (1.11 to 1.33)b | 0.006 (0.003 to 0.008)b | 1.83 (1.47 to 2.28)b | 0.007 (0.005 to 0.009)b |
| D | Plus health covariates | 0.99 (0.95 to 1.03) | −0.002 (−0.008 to 0.004) | 1.16 (1.07 to 1.27)b | 0.004 (0.002 to 0.007)b | 2.00 (1.39 to 2.87)b | 0.006 (0.004 to 0.009)b |
| E | Plus loneliness | 0.97 (0.94 to 1.01) | −0.004 (−0.011 to 0.002) | 1.16 (1.06 to 1.27)b | 0.004 (0.001 to 0.007)c | 1.94 (1.28 to 2.93)c | 0.005 (0.003 to 0.008)b |
| F | Plus depression | 0.97 (0.93 to 1.01) | −0.005 (−0.011 to 0.001) | 1.16 (1.06 to 1.28)b | 0.004 (0.002 to 0.007)b | 2.01 (1.21 to 3.32)c | 0.005 (0.003 to 0.008)b |
Abbreviations: MME, mean marginal effects; OR, odds ratio.
Estimates represent ORs or MMEs for social isolation scores. Model A, unadjusted (social isolation); model B, adjusting for social isolation in model A, sex, age, racial identity, ethnic identity, and Medicaid status; model C, adjusting for factors in models A and B, smoking status, and physical activity; model D, adjusting for factors in models A, B, and C, difficulty with activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, number of chronic illnesses, Alzheimer disease or related dementias, and time; model E, adjusting for factors in models A, B, C, and D, and loneliness scores; model F, adjusting for factors in models A, B, C, D, and E and depressive symptom scores.
Significant at P ≤ .001.
Significant at P < .01.