Table 1.
Characteristics of participants among postmenopausal women with normal and low bone mineral density (n=120)
| Variable | Normal BMD, mean (SD) or n (%) | Low BMD, mean (SD) or n (%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 55.4 (3.7%) | 58.5 (3.7%) | <0.001t |
| Menopause age (years) | 49.4 (3.6%) | 48.2 (4.0%) | 0.020t |
| Education | |||
| Illiterate | 22 (18.3%) | 36 (30.0%) | <0.003Ch |
| Primary | 37 (30.8%) | 47 (39.2%) | |
| Secondary | 22 (18.3%) | 14 (11.7%) | |
| High and diploma | 27 (22.55%) | 15 (12.5%) | |
| University | 12 (10.0%) | 8 (6.7%) | |
| Occupation | |||
| Householder | 106 (88.3%) | 105 (87.5%) | P=1.0f |
| Occupied | 14 (11.7%) | 15 (12.5%) | |
| Family income | |||
| Inadequate | 13 (10.8%) | 20 (16.8%) | 0.223Ch |
| Rather adequate | 81 (67.5%) | 77 (64.7%) | |
| Completely adequate | 26 (21.7%) | 22 (18.5%) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 106 (88.3%) | 88 (73.3%) | 0.005f |
| Single, divorced, widowed | 14 (11.7%) | 32 (26.7%) | |
| Smoking (yes) | 3 (2.5%) | 4 (3.4%) | 0.845f |
| Gravid number | 3.9 (1.7%) | 4.8 (2.4%) | <0.001t |
| Lactation history | 109 (98.4%) | 109 (98.4%) | 1.0f |
| Taking supplements | |||
| Vitamin D | 28 (23.3%) | 19 (15.8%) | 0.683Ch |
| Calcium | 14 (11.7%) | 14 (11.7%) | |
| Vitamin D and calcium | 20 (16.7%) | 20 (16.7%) | |
| Dietary Vitamin D (µg/d) | 1.8 (1.2) | 1.5 (1.3) | 0.214t |
| Dietary calcium (mg/d) | 783.2 (322.7) | 715.1 (224.5) | 0.228t |
| Total met* (mets-min/week) | 401.2 (6612.0) | 346.5 (4426.5) | 0.839M |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.4 (4.6) | 28.2 (3.7) | <0.00t |
| BMD-LS (g/cm2) | 1.03 (0.11) | 0.73 (0.08) | <0.001t |
| BMD-FN (g/cm2) | 0.97 (0.11) | 0.75 (0.09) | <0.001t |
| T-score/LS | −0.11 (0.88) | −2.91 (0.75) | <0.001t |
| T-score/FN | 0.16 (0.76) | −1.60 (0.73) | <0.001t |
| OC (ng/mL) | 16.1 (6.5) | 27.1 (11.7) | <0.001t |
| OP (ng/mL) | 25.5 (6.6) | 31.4 (5.6) | <0.001t |
| ALP (U/L) | 174.3 (48.6) | 191.4 (55.4) | 0.013t |
| 25(OH) D (ng/mL)^ | 42.3 (7.2) | 40.9 (5.2) | 0.657 |
| Major osteoporotic fracture© | 2.5 (0.9) | 4.4 (1.9) | <0.001t |
| Hip fracture© | 0.000 (0.30) | 0.4 (2.5) | <0.001M |
*Median (range); tIndependent t-test; fFisher’s exact test; ChChi-square; MMann–Whitney; ^Cases with 25(OH) D <20ng/mL were excluded from study; ©FRAX predicts the 10-year probability of hip fracture and major osteoporotic fracture (hip, clinical spine, humerus, or forearm). BMI=Body mass index; BMD=Bone mineral density; LS=Lumbar spine; FN=Femoral neck; ALP=Alkaline phosphatase; SD=Standard deviation; OC=Osteocalcin; OP=Osteopontin