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. 2023 Jul 11;14:1210818. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1210818

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Copyright © 2023 Braams, Pike-Overzet and Staal

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Phase 1 of recombination, DNA cleavage. Recombination example between V (green) segment 30 and J (yellow) segment 1 in a light chain, removing V segments 31 to 38. RAG (purple) binds to the first heptamer (cyan)/nonamer (blue) 23RSS (dark grey). Hereafter, binds the 12RSS (light grey) and initiates the first steps of DNA cleavage utilising HMGB1/2 (red). V, Variable; J, joining; RAG, recombination-activating gene (complex); HMGB1/2, high mobility group box 1/2. Created with BioRender.com.