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. 2023 Jul 11;14:1184572. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1184572

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Copyright © 2023 He, Li, Niu, Bai, Liu and Guo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The mechanism of oxidative stress in diabetic patients. AGE, advanced glycosylation end products; FFAs, Free fatty acids. NO, nitric oxide; PKC, protein kinase C; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ↓: downregulated; ↑:upregulated.