. 2023 Jul 11;14:1184572. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1184572

TABLE 1.

Polysaccharides from medicinal plant with antioxidation and anti-diabetic effects.

Polysaccharide source	Monosaccharides composition	Models	Administration	Mechanism	Positive control	Reference
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench	Man: rha: glucuronic acid, galactosal acid, gal: ara = 3.4:3.76:24.19:6.27:8.73:3.13	HFD combined with STZ induced mice	200 or 400 mg/kg	↓: TG, TC, LDL-C; MDA, body weight, and ROS	Metformin	Liao et al. (2019a)
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench		HFD combined with STZ induced mice	200 or 400 mg/kg	↑: HDL-C, SOD, GSH-Px and CAT, Nrf2, HO-1, SOD2, PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway	Metformin	Liao et al. (2019a)
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench	Rha: Gal: Gal A = 1.87:3.58:1.00	HFD and STZ induced mice	200, 400 mg/kg	↓: ROS, MDA, caspase-3, and Bax	Metformin	Liao et al. (2019b)
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench	Rha: Gal: Gal A = 1.87:3.58:1.00	HFD and STZ induced mice	200, 400 mg/kg	↑: SOD, Bcl-2 and CAT, Nrf2, HO-1, SOD2, AMPK/AMPK pathway	Metformin	Liao et al. (2019b)
Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja	Glc: ara: gal: man: xyl: rha: galacturonic acid: glucuronic acid: fuc: rib = 27.90:9.68:7.67:1.93:1.67:1.26:0.72:0.66:0.17:0.16	STZ induced diabetic rats	1, 10 and 100 mg/kg/·d for 12 weeks	↑: SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and GSH	Metformin hydrochloride	Xia et al. (2020)
Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja		STZ induced diabetic rats	1, 10 and 100 mg/kg/·d for 12 weeks	↓: AGEs and TGF-β1	Metformin hydrochloride	Xia et al. (2020)
Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja	Rha: ara: xyl: man: glu: gal	STZ induced rats	1, 10, 100 mg/kg/d for 12 weeks	↑:SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GSH		Zhang et al. (2021)
Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja	Rha: ara: xyl: man: glu: gal	STZ induced rats	1, 10, 100 mg/kg/d for 12 weeks	↓: AGEs, ROS, and TGF-β1		Zhang et al. (2021)
Fructus Corni	Man: gal A, glc: xyl: gal: ara = 0.95:0.08:3.17:1.88:1.23:0.25	STZ-induced diabetic rats	800 mg/kg on 42nd day	↑: ACT, SOD, and GSH	Metformin hydrochloride	Wang et al. (2019a)
Astragali radix	Glc, gal A, ara, gal, glu A xyl	STZ induced male C57BL/6J mice	400 mg/kg/d	↑: SOD, GSH, CAT		(Chen et al., 2022) (Chen et al., 2018)
Astragali radix	Glc, gal A, ara, gal, glu A xyl	STZ induced male C57BL/6J mice	400 mg/kg/d	↓: MDA levels		(Chen et al., 2022) (Chen et al., 2018)
Hedysarum alpinum L.		ob/ob mice	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/d	↓: Keap1 signalling	lipoic acid	He et al. (2022)
Hedysarum alpinum L.		ob/ob mice	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/d	↑: Nrf2 signalling	lipoic acid	He et al. (2022)
Hedysarum alpinum L.		HG induced Schwann cells	30, 60, 120, and 240 mg/L	↓: MDA		He et al. (2022)
Hedysarum alpinum L.		HG induced Schwann cells	30, 60, 120, and 240 mg/L	↑: GCLC, GR		He et al. (2022)
Morus alba L.		STZ+HFD induced rats		↓: MDA		Liu et al. (2017)
Morus alba L.		STZ+HFD induced rats		↑: SOD, CCO and SDH		Liu et al. (2017)
Mulberry leaves		STZ induced diabetic rats	50–200 mg/kg for 5weeks	↓: MDA		Li et al. (2022)
Mulberry leaves		STZ induced diabetic rats	50–200 mg/kg for 5weeks	↑: SOD		Li et al. (2022)
Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo	D-Glcp: D-Manp = 1.00:4.41. 190 kDa	male wistar rats	20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg/d for 8 weeks	↑: SOD, CAT, and T-AOC	Metformin	Yang et al. (2020a)
Polygonatum sibiricum Redouté		STZ induced rats	200, 400 and 800 mg/kg	↑: insulin		Wang et al. (2017d)
Polygonatum sibiricum Redouté		STZ induced rats	200, 400 and 800 mg/kg	↓: MDA, blood glucose		Wang et al. (2017d)
Polygonatum sibiricum Redouté		HG-induced ARPE-19 cells		↓: MDA, ROS, bcl-2		Wang et al. (2022)
Polygonatum sibiricum Redouté		HG-induced ARPE-19 cells		↑: SOD and GPx, Bax, caspase-3 activity, Nrf2/HO-1 pathway		Wang et al. (2022)
Polygonatum sibiricum Redouté		1 μmol/L insulin and 25 mmol/L glucose induced 3T3-L1 adipocytes	50, 100, 250, 500 μg/mL	↑: Nrf2,HO-1		Cai et al. (2019)
Polygonatum sibiricum Redouté			50, 100, 250, 500 μg/mL	↓: IL-6, IL-1βand TNF-α		Cai et al. (2019)
Codonopsis lanceolata (Siebold & Zucc.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Trautv	Rha: Ara:xyl:man: gal: glc: Gal A: glu A = 0.17:1:0.12:0.05:0.26:2.32:0.19:0.95	HFHS diet-fed mice	100 mg/kg	↓: MDA		Zhang et al. (2020)
		HFHS diet-fed mice	100 mg/kg	↑:GSH/GSSG ratio, SOD, CAT, Nrf2 signalling		Zhang et al. (2020)
Dipsacus asper Wall. ex DC.	D-glu	STZ-induced diabetic rats	100 and 300 mg/kg for 4 weeks	Downregulated oxidative stress and glycation end products-receptor	Metformin	Li et al. (2019a)
Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl	Ara: Glu: gal = 1:16:8	STZ induced mice	150 mg/kg/d for 28 days	↑: GPx and SOD	Metformin	Chen et al. (2013)
Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl		RAW264.7 cells induced by nickel	10, 50, and 100 μg/mL for 24 h	↓: DPPH, ABTS, NO, iNOS, COX2		Lin et al. (2020)
Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC.	Rha: ara: man: glc: gal = 1.00:1.26:0.73:16.45:30.40; 63.5 kDa	STZ-induced diabetic mice	20, 40 and 80 mg/kg/day	↑: GPx and SOD activities	Metformin	Zhou et al. (2015a)
Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC.		STZ-induced diabetic mice	20, 40 and 80 mg/kg/day	↓: MDA, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1	Metformin	Zhou et al. (2015a)
Psidium guajava L	polysaccharides (≥80.99 kDa) and low molecular weight polysaccharides (3.64 kDa)	STZ and HFD induced mice	100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg/d	↑: GPx and SOD activities	Acarbose	Luo et al. (2019)
Apostichopus japonicus	→4GlcA (Fuc2S,4Sα1→3)β1→3GalNAc4S6Sβ1→	HFD for 12 weeks	50 mg/kg/day	↑: P- IRS1, Akt, and AMPK	Metformin	Chen et al. (2019b)
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi (Fabaceae)		db/db mice	100 or 200 mg/kg for 6 weeks	↓: PEPCK, G6PC, FOXO1, SREBP-1, and ACC	Rosiglitazone	Luo et al. (2021)
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi (Fabaceae)		db/db mice	100 or 200 mg/kg for 6 weeks	↑: GS, Akt2, PI3K, GLUT2, PPARa, and LDLR	Rosiglitazone	Luo et al. (2021)
Lycium barbarum L	ara, glc, gal, man, rha, xyl, gal A	STZ-induced diabetic mice	50, 100, 200 mg/kg for 30 days	↓: MDA		Li (2007)
	ara, glc, gal, man, rha, xyl, gal A	STZ-induced diabetic mice	50, 100, 200 mg/kg for 30 days	↑: SOD		Li (2007)
		STZ-included mice	10, 20, and 40 mg/kg	↓: Caspase-3	Sildenafil citrate	Shi et al. (2017)
		STZ-included mice	10, 20, and 40 mg/kg	↑: Bcl-2/Bax	Sildenafil citrate	Shi et al. (2017)
Euryale ferox Salisb.	Man, GlcA, Rha, Glc, Gal and Ara at a molar ratio of 0.12:0.01:9.57:0.41:1.00:0.24	alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice	100,200,400 mg/kg/d	↑: CAT, SOD, oral glucose tolerance, hepatic glycogen content and GSH-Px	metformin hydrochloride	Wu et al. (2017a)
Euryale ferox Salisb.		alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice	100,200,400 mg/kg/d	↓: MDA, glucose level increase	metformin hydrochloride	Wu et al. (2017a)
Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii Makino		Alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice	200, 400, and 800 mg/kg	↑: PI3K, Akt and GLUT4 mRNA; Hypoglycaemic; protecting and reverse β-cells from necrosis	Acarbose	Guo et al. (2017)
Schisandra sphenanthera Rehder & E.H.Wilson	Rha:Ara:Man:Gal:Glc = 13.52:5.69:3.92:41.28:35.59	STZ induced rats	100,200,400 mg/kg/d	↑: GLUT-4; mitigate the insulin resistance; hpyerglycemic; improving the glucose tolerance	glibenclamide	Niu et al. (2017)
Paeonia × suffruticosa Andrews	D-glucose: L-arabinose = 3.31:2.25	high-sugar diet and STZ treatment rats	80, 160 mg kg	↓: serum creatinine, AGEs/RAGE		Lian et al. (2021)
Moutan Cortex		200 μg/mL AGEs induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells for 24 h	64.5 μg/mL	↓: ROS	Aminoguanidine	Lian et al. (2021)
Arctium lappa L	Gal: Man: Glc: Rha: Xyl: GlcN: GlcA = 6:6.4:26.5: 3.3:26.2:7 2	high-sugar, HFD, and STZ	100, 200 mg/kg for 40 days	↓: PKC expression, MDA, and NF-κB pathway		Li et al. (2019b)
Arctium lappa L		high-sugar, HFD, and STZ	100, 200 mg/kg for 40 days	↑: SOD and GSH px		Li et al. (2019b)
Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl		HFD induced mice	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg	↑: GST, GPX, GST and SOD		Chen et al. (2021)
Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl		HFD induced mice	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg	↓: MDA, ATP		Chen et al. (2021)
Buddleja officinalis Maxim	glucose, galactose, fucose, glucuronic acid, and galacturonic acid in a ratio of 6.75 : 3.33 : 1.79 : 1.42 : 1.00	db/db mice	40,80,160 μg/mL	↑: HO-1, NQO1, SOD and Nrf2/ARE signalling pathway		Zhu et al. (2022)
Buddleja officinalis Maxim		db/db mice	40,80,160 μg/mL	↓: CD34, ROS		Zhu et al. (2022)
Opuntia milpa alta	Xylose: arabinose: galactose = 23:36:15	alloxan-treated INS-1 cells	50, 100, and 200 μg/mL	↑: Bcl-2, MDA, and NO		Li et al. (2020b)
Opuntia milpa alta	Xylose: arabinose: galactose = 23:36:15	alloxan-treated INS-1 cells	50, 100, and 200 μg/mL	↓: Bax, ROS, caspase-3, caspase-9		Li et al. (2020b)
Astragalus mongholicus Bunge	D-glu: D-gal: L-ara = 1.75:1.63:1	HG induced H9C2 cells for 24 h	0.1,1,10,100 μg/mL	↑: SOD2, GSH-Px		Sun et al. (2019)
Astragalus mongholicus Bunge	D-glu: D-gal: L-ara = 1.75:1.63:1	HG induced H9C2 cells for 24 h	0.1,1,10,100 μg/mL	↓: ROS, MDA, and NO		Sun et al. (2019)