. 2023 Jul 11;14:1184572. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1184572

TABLE 2.

Polysaccharides from foods with antioxidation and anti-diabetic effects.

Polysaccharide source	Monosaccharides composition	Models	Administration	Mechanism	Positive control	Reference
Siraitia grosvenorii	Ara: Rib: GalAc: Gal: Man: Glc = 1.00:1.72:90: 2.24:3.64:3.89: 22.77	HFD and HSD induced mice	50, 100, and 200 mg kg/d	↓: IL-6, TNF-α and MDA		Gong et al. (2021)
Siraitia grosvenorii		HFD and HSD induced mice	50, 100, and 200 mg kg/d	↑: SOD		Gong et al. (2021)
Pumpkin		STZ + HFD induced rats		↓: blood glucose, insulin, TC, TG, LDL-C, and MDA		Ti et al. (2022)
Pumpkin		STZ + HFD induced rats		↑: HDL-C, SOD, and CAT		Ti et al. (2022)
pumpkin	Man: rib: glc: glu A:gal A: glc: gal: xyl: fuc = 142.92:42.89: 1.03:17.83:2.6: 125.75:0.85 : 112.34:73.25	HFD and STZ to induce T2DM	400 mg/kg/day	↑: Nrf2; HO-1, PI3K		Chen et al. (2019a)
Ficus pumila Linn	A linear (1,4)-α-D-galacturonic acid binding 1.30% branched chain hexenuronic acid with 23.34% methyl esterification	C57BL/KsJ db/db mice	100,200 mg/kg/d	activated the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/GS and AMPK/GSK3β/GS signalling pathway	rosiglitazone	Wu et al. (2017b)
Peach	Ara:Xyl:Gal = 5.98:1:3.55	STZ-treated mice	200, 400 and 800 mg/kg	↓: blood glucose	Metformin hydrochloride	Wang et al. (2017c)
Peach	Ara:Xyl:Gal = 5.98:1:3.55	STZ-treated mice	200, 400 and 800 mg/kg	↑: pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1, insulin and hexokinase1	Metformin hydrochloride	Wang et al. (2017c)
Mulberry fruit	Ara:Gal:Glc:Xyl:Man = 19.19:31.4:26.31:5.98:7.12	STZ-induced diabetic mice	200,600,1000 mg/kg/d	↓: MDA; α-amylase, and α-glucosidase	metformin	Chen et al. (2017)
Mulberry fruit	Ara:Gal:Glc:Xyl:Man = 19.19:31.4:26.31:5.98:7.12	STZ-induced diabetic mice	200,600,1000 mg/kg/d	↑: SOD, GPx, CAT, insulin secretion ameliorate insulin resistance; PI3 K/Akt pathway activators	metformin	Chen et al. (2017)
Sweet potato	Rha:Gal:Glc = 3.2:1.6:6.5	STZ rats	100 mg/kg/d	↓: MDA	glibenclamide	Yuan et al. (2017)
Momordica charantia L	Rha: ara: xyl: man: glc: gal: fuc = 15.7,23.6,11.9,.6,31.22,12,1.1	STZ-induced DM mice	1,500 mg/kg	↑: CAT, SOD, GSH-px	metformin	Zhang et al. (2019a)
Momordica charantia L		STZ-induced DM mice	1,500 mg/kg	↓: MDA	metformin	Zhang et al. (2019a)
Rosa roxburghii fruit	Ara: gal: fuc: glu:man: xyl = 37.20: 34.14: 18.30: 10.02:0.15:0.17	H₂O₂-induced INS-1 cells	0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2 mg/mL	↓: ROS; mitochondrial damage		Wang et al. (2019b)
Rosa roxburghii fruit		H₂O₂-induced INS-1 cells	0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2 mg/mL	↑: caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9		Wang et al. (2019b)