Table 2.
Percentages of children with congenital anomalies (CA) with 95% CI according to underlying cause of death by age at death (anomalies with <10 deaths occurring are not included)
| Anomaly | No deaths (100%) | Percentage cause of death (95% CI) | Predicted proportion attributable to the CA | ||||
| CA | Infections | Immaturity | Other | Missing cause of death | |||
| Neonatal deaths | |||||||
| All anomalies | 4199 | 71 (64 to 78) | 1 (1 to 2) | 7 (6 to 9) | 11 (8 to 14) | 9 (7 to 12) | 93 |
| Spina Bifida (isolated cases with or without hydrocephalus) | 19 | 79 (39 to 95) | 0 (0 to 0) | 11 (3 to 22) | 5 (1 to 19) | 5 (1 to 19) | 97 |
| Hydrocephalus | 138 | 64 (43 to 80) | 1 (0 to 4) | 7 (4 to 12) | 14 (8 to 20) | 14 (8 to 20) | 97 |
| Congenital heart defects (CHD) | 1937 | 79 (71 to 86) | 1 (1 to 2) | 3 (2 to 5) | 9 (7 to 13) | 7 (5 to 9) | 94 |
| Severe CHD | 1254 | 86 (78 to 91) | 0 (0 to 1) | 2 (1 to 3) | 6 (4 to 9) | 7 (4 to 10) | 98 |
| Transposition of great vessels (as only severe CHD) | 106 | 91 (66 to 98) | 1 (0 to 5) | 2 (0 to 7) | 4 (1 to 12) | 3 (1 to 10) | 97 |
| VSD (without severe CHD) | 291 | 75 (58 to 86) | 2 (1 to 5) | 5 (3 to 9) | 13 (8 to 19) | 5 (3 to 9) | 89 |
| ASD (without severe CHD) | 153 | 68 (45 to 84) | 4 (1 to 8) | 9 (4 to 15) | 14 (7 to 22) | 6 (3 to 12) | 90 |
| AVSD | 153 | 85 (65 to 94) | 0 (0 to 0) | 5 (2 to 11) | 6 (2 to 14) | 5 (2 to 11) | 97 |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 63 | 94 (78 to 98) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 5 (2 to 13) | 2 (0 to 10) | 94 |
| Coarctation of aorta | 188 | 87 (75 to 93) | 0 (0 to 0) | 2 (1 to 5) | 7 (4 to 12) | 4 (2 to 8) | 96 |
| Cleft lip with or without cleft palate | 128 | 91 (71 to 98) | 0 (0 to 0) | 4 (1 to 13) | 2 (1 to 8) | 2 (0 to 7) | 89 |
| Cleft palate | 121 | 68 (46 to 83) | 1 (0 to 5) | 12 (6 to 18) | 11 (6 to 17) | 9 (5 to 15) | 92 |
| Oesophageal atresia | 110 | 82 (64 to 92) | 0 (0 to 0) | 5 (2 to 10) | 6 (3 to 12) | 7 (3 to 14) | 97 |
| Diaphragmatic hernia (isolated cases) | 186 | 89 (76 to 96) | 0 (0 to 0) | 2 (1 to 5) | 2 (1 to 6) | 6 (3 to 13) | 99 |
| Gastroschisis (isolated cases) | 25 | 92 (61 to 99) | 4 (1 to 20) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 4 (1 to 20) | 94 |
| Multicystic renal dysplasia | 92 | 67 (42 to 85) | 1 (0 to 6) | 9 (4 to 15) | 10 (5 to 17) | 13 (6 to 20) | 96 |
| Down syndrome | 102 | 53 (33 to 72) | 4 (2 to 7) | 10 (6 to 15) | 26 (17 to 34) | 7 (3 to 11) | 82 |
| Trisomy 13 | 156 | 90 (76 to 96) | 0 (0 to 0) | 1 (0 to 5) | 2 (1 to 6) | 6 (3 to 13) | 100 |
| Trisomy 18 | 330 | 93 (80 to 98) | 0 (0 to 0) | 1 (0 to 4) | 1 (0 to 4) | 5 (2 to 12) | 100 |
| Anomaly | No deaths (100%) | CA | Infections | Immaturity | Other | Missing cause of death | Predicted proportion attributable to the CA |
| Postneonatal deaths | |||||||
| All anomalies | 2100 | 68 (61 to 74) | 5 (4 to 6) | 4 (3 to 5) | 20 (16 to 22) | 4 (3 to 5) | 94 |
| Hydrocephalus | 85 | 55 (38 to 70) | 7 (4 to 11) | 6 (3 to 10) | 29 (22 to 34) | 2 (1 to 7) | 98 |
| Congenital heart defect | 1329 | 75 (68 to 82) | 4 (3 to 6) | 3 (2 to 4) | 15 (11 to 18) | 3 (2 to 4) | 97 |
| Severe CHD | 773 | 87 (79 to 93) | 3 (2 to 5) | 1 (0 to 2) | 6 (4 to 10) | 3 (2 to 6) | 99 |
| Transposition of great vessels (as only severe CHD) | 27 | 100 (100 to 100) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 97 |
| VSD (without severe CHD) | 289 | 67 (55 to 77) | 5 (3 to 8) | 5 (3 to 8) | 20 (15 to 25) | 2 (1 to 4) | 96 |
| ASD (without severe CHD) | 169 | 56 (41 to 69) | 2 (1 to 5) | 8 (5 to 11) | 30 (23 to 35) | 4 (2 to 7) | 96 |
| AVSD | 199 | 84 (67 to 93) | 4 (2 to 7) | 1 (0 to 3) | 9 (5 to 16) | 3 (1 to 6) | 99 |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 85 | 98 (66 to 100) | 1 (0 to 9) | 0 (0 to 6) | 1 (0 to 12) | 0 (0 to 6) | 97 |
| Coarctation of aorta | 130 | 86 (67 to 95) | 5 (2 to 11) | 0 (0 to 0) | 6 (2 to 12) | 4 (1 to 10) | 98 |
| Cleft lip with or without cleft palate | 53 | 66 (45 to 80) | 2 (0 to 9) | 0 (0 to 0) | 26 (17 to 33) | 6 (2 to 12) | 88 |
| Cleft palate | 76 | 70 (49 to 84) | 3 (1 to 8) | 3 (1 to 8) | 16 (10 to 21) | 9 (5 to 15) | 95 |
| Oesophageal atresia | 45 | 66 (39 to 84) | 5 (1 to 11) | 2 (0 to 10) | 18 (10 to 24) | 9 (4 to 16) | 97 |
| Diaphragmatic hernia (isolated cases) | 12 | 83 (39 to 98) | 8 (1 to 30) | 0 (0 to 0) | 8 (1 to 30) | 0 (0 to 0) | 97 |
| Gastroschisis (isolated cases) | 20 | 82 (31 to 98) | 5 (1 to 17) | 5 (1 to 17) | 5 (1 to 17) | 5 (1 to 17) | 94 |
| Multicystic renal dysplasia | 11 | 41 (5 to 90) | 0 (0 to 0) | 24 (4 to 41) | 36 (6 to 54) | 0 (0 to 0) | 72 |
| Down syndrome | 165 | 71 (53 to 84) | 6 (3 to 10) | 5 (2 to 8) | 16 (9 to 23) | 2 (1 to 5) | 96 |
| Trisomy 13 | 35 | 94 (69 to 99) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 3 (0 to 15) | 3 (0 to 15) | 100 |
| Trisomy 18 | 136 | 93 (77 to 98) | 0 (0 to 0) | 1 (0 to 5) | 1 (0 to 6) | 5 (2 to 13) | 100 |
| Anomaly | No deaths 1–9 years (100%) | CA | Infections | Neoplasms | Nervous | Other | Missing cause of death | Predicted proportion attributable to the CA |
| Child deaths (1–9 years) | ||||||||
| All anomalies | 1087 | 49 (42 to 57) | 9 (8 to 10) | 5 (4 to 6) | 9 (8 to 11) | 23 (21 to 26) | 4 (3 to 5) | 99 |
| Hydrocephalus | 66 | 49 (25 to 73) | 13 (7 to 18) | 7 (3 to 11) | 10 (5 to 15) | 17 (10 to 21) | 5 (2 to 10) | 100 |
| Congenital heart defect | 474 | 63 (54 to 72) | 8 (6 to 10) | 3 (2 to 4) | 4 (3 to 5) | 19 (16 to 22) | 3 (2 to 5) | 99 |
| Severe CHD | 258 | 79 (67 to 87) | 5 (3 to 8) | 1 (0 to 3) | 2 (1 to 4) | 10 (7 to 13) | 3 (2 to 6) | 100 |
| VSD (without severe CHD) | 100 | 48 (31 to 66) | 13 (9 to 17) | 6 (3 to 10) | 6 (3 to 10) | 24 (18 to 27) | 2 (1 to 6) | 99 |
| ASD (without severe CHD) | 81 | 44 (28 to 61) | 10 (6 to 13) | 7 (4 to 11) | 2 (1 to 6) | 31 (25 to 32) | 5 (2 to 9) | 99 |
| AVSD | 70 | 79 (60 to 90) | 6 (2 to 12) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 11 (6 to 18) | 4 (2 to 10) | 99 |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 51 | 71 (42 to 87) | 10 (5 to 15) | 2 (0 to 8) | 2 (0 to 8) | 12 (6 to 17) | 4 (1 to 10) | 100 |
| Coarctation of aorta | 44 | 70 (43 to 87) | 5 (1 to 12) | 0 (0 to 0) | 2 (0 to 10) | 14 (7 to 20) | 9 (4 to 16) | 99 |
| Cleft lip with or without cleft palate | 12 | 65 (7 to 98) | 17 (1 to 46) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 17 (1 to 46) | 0 (0 to 0) | 99 |
| Cleft palate | 41 | 67 (34 to 89) | 5 (1 to 12) | 0 (0 to 0) | 5 (1 to 12) | 16 (7 to 27) | 7 (2 to 15) | 91 |
| Oesophageal atresia | 23 | 47 (10 to 88) | 11 (2 to 19) | 0 (0 to 0) | 11 (2 to 19) | 26 (7 to 37) | 5 (1 to 15) | 99 |
| Down syndrome | 98 | 42 (28 to 56) | 14 (10 to 18) | 17 (13 to 21) | 0 (0 to 0) | 24 (20 to 28) | 2 (1 to 6) | 99 |
| Trisomy 18 | 17 | 94 (24 to 100) | 6 (0 to 76) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 99 |
ASD, atrial septal defect; AVSD, atrioventricular septal defect; VSD, ventricular septal defect.