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. 2023 Jul 11;14:1192371. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1192371

Figure 4.

Figure 4

(A) Expression patterns of differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) involved in the flavonoid, phenylpropanoid, and lignin biosynthesis pathways of cuttings propagated from Platycladus orientalis donors at different ages and for the comparisons of different developmental stages. Heatmap of DAMs involved in the schematic flavonoid, phenylpropanoid, and lignin biosynthesis pathways. The fold-change values were normalized using the LogNormalize method. The colors indicate the expression levels (FC) of the DAMs during adventitious root (AR) formation in cuttings propagated from P. orientalis donors at different ages. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumarate: CoA ligase; HCT, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate transferase; C3H, coumarate 3-hydroxylase; CCoAOMT, caffeoyl-CoA-O-methyltransferase; CCR, cinnamoyl CoA reductase; F5H, ferulate 5-hydroxylase; COMT, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase; CAD, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; SAD, sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase; PER, peroxidase; LAC, laccase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; F3H (FHT), flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3′5′H, flavonoid 3′5′-hydroxylase; FLS, flavonol synthase; DFR, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase; LDOX, leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase; GST, glutathione S-transferase; ANR, anthocyanidin reductase; ANS, anthocyanidin synthase; UFGT, anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase; ANR, anthocyanidin reductase; ANS, anthocyanidin synthase; LAR, leucoanthocyanidin reductase. (B) Flavonoids, phenolics, and lignin abundance during AR formation of P. orientalis cuttings. The bars indicate the means ± SDs (n = 9); p-values are indicated as follows: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test.