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. 2023 Jul 11;14:1199294. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1199294

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Copyright © 2023 Abdelwahab, Negm, Mahmoud, Salama, Schaalan, El-Sheikh and Ramadan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A,D) The control and flaxseed lignan extract (FLE)-treated groups show irregularly arranged and anastomosing myocytes covered by perichondrium. (B,E) Longitudinal section (LS) of anastomosing muscle fibers with apparent striation and intercalated discs (Blue arrow), and central vesicular nuclei (Black arrow). (C,F) Transverse section (TS) of cardiac muscles having central vesicular nuclei and fibroblast nuclei (Circles). (G–I) The cafeteria diet (CAFD)-treated group shows thickened pericardium, with sub-pericardial hemorrhage and fat cells deposition (F) (LS & TS), separated cardiac myocytes with some destructed fibers (Yellow arrow) and degenerated areas (Arrowhead), fat cell infiltration (F), cellular infiltration (Star), and hemorrhage (C). (J–L) The CAFD/FLE-treated group shows pericardium and cardiac muscles (LS & TS) with less congestion (C), more cellular infiltrations (Star), and some destructed myocytes (Yellow arrow). (M–O) The CAFD/FLE/F13A-treated group shows irregularly arranged and widely separated muscle fibers (LS & TS), less hemorrhage (C), cellular infiltration (Star), as well as destructed (Yellow arrow) and degenerated myocytes (Arrowhead), where F13A is an apelin-13 receptor blocker. (H&E stain; X100, X200).