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Beetle families established to determine sex chromosomes. Several beetle pairs (a male and a female) were constructed, and 3 beetle families were successfully established, with both male and female offspring. Beetle family F17 first laid male and female offspring, followed by the family F31 and F8.
| Beetle family | Parental male | Parental female | Offspring male | Offspring female | Sex ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F8 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 10 | Chi-squared test, P = 0.76 |
| F17 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 8 | |
| F31 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 9 |
