. 2019 Sep 18;17(3):1474704919875948. doi: 10.1177/1474704919875948

Table 3.

Associations Between Grandparenthood and Quality of Life.

	Total				Between				Within
	Coefficient	SE	95% CI		Coefficient	SE	95% CI		Coefficient	SE	95% CI
	Coefficient	SE	Lower	Upper	Coefficient	SE	Lower	Upper	Coefficient	SE	Lower	Upper
Grandparenthood status
Women
Children but no grandchildren	Ref				Ref				Ref
Both children and grandchildren	.27***	.08	.12	.42	.29***	.09	.12	.46	.32*	.15	.02	.62
Men
Children but no grandchildren	Ref				Ref				Ref
Both children and grandchildren	.39***	.08	.23	.55	.51***	.09	.33	.69	.26	.17	−.07	.58

Note. CI = confidence interval; ref = reference.

*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.