Table 2.
Association between children and familial characteristics and physical activities (n = 717)
| Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity | Vigorous physical activity | Moderate physical activity | Walking | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | p | M | SD | p | M | SD | p | M | SD | p | |
| Child’s sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 1399.54 | 1702.98 | < 0.001* | 1080.16 | 1535.66 | < 0.001* | 319.38 | 543.11 | 0.001* | 640.68 | 839.15 | 0.286 |
| Female | 787.07 | 1061.61 | 580.74 | 947.86 | 206.32 | 364.69 | 576.70 | 760.64 | ||||
| Family composition | ||||||||||||
| Single-parent family | 760.24 | 1130.67 | 0.120 | 497.14 | 863.53 | 0.083 | 263.10 | 493.51 | 0.989 | 849.55 | 1140.98 | 0.160 |
| Two-parent family | 1120.83 | 1473.14 | 856.74 | 1325.52 | 264.09 | 466.25 | 594.42 | 774.51 | ||||
| Siblings | ||||||||||||
| No | 749.07 | 774.48 | < 0.001* | 530.74 | 647.24 | < 0.001* | 218.33 | 353.16 | 0.271 | 528.92 | 528.56 | 0.258 |
| Yes | 1161.89 | 1539.19 | 889.75 | 1383.20 | 272.14 | 484.79 | 623.63 | 840.53 | ||||
| Annual household income (million JPY) | ||||||||||||
| < 5 | 952.86 | 1445.29 | 0.153 | 682.68 | 1278.77 | 0.088 | 270.18 | 487.95 | 0.820 | 684.05 | 1025.19 | 0.161 |
| ≥ 5–6 | 1202.28 | 1330.75 | 926.04 | 1217.29 | 276.23 | 475.38 | 618.27 | 652.67 | ||||
| ≥ 7 | 1157.34 | 1577.05 | 906.80 | 1407.45 | 250.55 | 449.68 | 543.28 | 702.94 | ||||
| Maternal education level | ||||||||||||
| Middle school or high school | 995.96 | 1361.89 | 0.396 | 718.63 | 1174.98 | 0.440 | 277.33 | 481.71 | 0.073 | 632.59 | 814.97 | 0.729 |
| Junior college or vocational school | 1081.08 | 1573.22 | 862.41 | 1482.14 | 218.66 | 383.49 | 626.18 | 932.15 | ||||
| University or graduate school | 1191.83 | 1387.69 | 883.81 | 1174.57 | 308.02 | 537.88 | 579.10 | 639.23 | ||||
| Paternal education level | ||||||||||||
| Middle school or high school | 1068.11 | 1456.75 | 0.927 | 760.12 | 1268.73 | 0.622 | 307.99 | 551.16 | 0.304 | 773.24 | 983.10 | 0.002* |
| Junior college or vocational school | 1102.77 | 1751.69 | 842.77 | 1524.68 | 260.00 | 499.90 | 479.81 | 496.56 | ||||
| University or graduate school | 1120.35 | 1407.78 | 877.46 | 1289.26 | 242.89 | 412.73 | 554.32 | 730.70 | ||||
Abbreviations: M: mean, SD: standard deviation, JPY: Japanese yen. * Indicates statistically significant difference. For calculating energy expenditure, the amount of physical activities and walking per week was estimated and expressed in metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-min/week (MET-min/week), and the MET assignments for each intensity level of physical activities were walking (3.3 METs), moderate (4 METs), and high (8 METs) levels