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. 2023 Jul 24;22:136. doi: 10.1186/s12939-023-01933-3

Table 1.

Socio-demographic differences between women and men who answered both interviews, at the end of the lockdown in June 2020 and nine months later in February-March 2021. Unweighted frequencies and weighted percentages

Women Men Weighted
p-value
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC
Age group 0.087
18–34 years 194 (21.17%) 171 (23.09%)
35–54 years 492 (36.99%) 377 (39.59%)
55–64 years 249 (15.82%) 181 (16.08%)
65 years and over 175 (26.02%) 161 (21.24%)
Education level 0.005*
Secondary education or lower 262 (25.15%) 171 (19.26%)
Baccalaureate to undergraduate 364 (31.60%) 315 (35.49%)
University degree or higher 483 (43.25%) 403 (45.25%)
Missings 1 (0.09%) 1 (0.11%)
Country of birth 0.166
Spain 969 (87.79%) 799 (89.75%)
Abroad 141 (12.21%) 91 (10.25%)
Country of birth if born abroad 0.443
Low income countries 24 (18.34%) 12 (12.85%)
Middle income countries 91 (62.67%) 58 (63.48%)
High income countries 25 (18.99%) 21 (23.66%)
Missings 1 (0.09%) 0 (0%)
Monthly income < 0.001*
< 1050 € 271 (27.80%) 121 (14.33%)
1050 to < 2700 € 550 (54.49%) 479 (57.57%)
≥ 2700 € 188 (17.71%) 245 (28.09%)
Missings 101 (9.01%) 45 (5.06%)
NUMBER OF CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS 0.113
0 669 (59.04%) 539 (60.78%)
1 302 (27.71%) 261 (29.23%)
2 109 (10.51%) 65 (7.43%)
3 or more 29 (2.73%) 24 (2.56%)
Missings 1 (0.09%) 1 (0.11%)
COVID AND LOCKDOWN
COVID-19: Personal infection 0.192
Negative 1074 (97.24%) 865 (97.45%)
Positive or COVID diagnosis, non-severe 32 (2.76%) 21 (2.28%)
Hospitalized 0 (0%) 3 (0.27%)
Missings 4 (0.36%) 1 (0.11%)
COVID-19: Having a beloved one infected 0.098
No 591 (54.71%) 436 (49.98%)
Yes, but not inner circle 470 (41.69%) 409 (46.44%)
Yes, inner circle 40 (3.60%) 33 (3.58%)
Missings 9 (0.81%) 12 (1.35%)
Living with a partner 0.045*
No 387 (37.94%) 285 (33.65%)
Yes 723 (62.06%) 605 (66.35%)
Having children in care 0.915
No 718 (69.22%) 601 (69.44%)
Yes 392 (30.78%) 289 (30.56%)
Having elderly people or people with a disability in care 0.130
No 934 (83.58%) 771 (86.01%)
Yes 176 (16.42%) 119 (13.99%)
Number of bedrooms 0.583
0 to 3 bedrooms 732 (65.35%) 592 (66.51%)
More than 3 bedrooms 374 (34.65%) 296 (33.49%)
Missings 4 (0.36%) 2 (0.22%)
Access to balcony or private garden 0.100
No 296 (26.62%) 271 (29.94%)
Yes 813 (73.38%) 618 (70.06%)
Missings 1 (0.09%) 1 (0.11%)
Working status < 0.001*
Working 506 (39.93%) 501 (54.35%)
Working but sick leave 39 (3.22%) 15 (1.54%)
Unemployed 213 (17.59%) 124 (14.03%)
Homemaker 95 (8.67%) 4 (0.39%)
Student 41 (4.47%) 32 (4.35%)
Disabled 31 (2.52%) 23 (2.25%)
Retired 171 (22.70%) 186 (23.00%)
Other 10 (0.90%) 1 (0.08%)
Missings 4 (0.36%) 4 (0.45%)
Working conditions (only for workers) N = 506  N = 501
Frequency of working outside home 0.003*
Never 240 (47.92%) 192 (38.78%)
Rarely 50 (9.92%) 69 (13.48%)
Sometimes 34 (6.38%) 42 (8.33%)
Frequently 11 (2.01%) 22 (4.18%)
Usually 26 (4.92%) 42 (8.74%)
Always 144 (28.84%) 133 (26.50%)
Missings 1 (0.20%) 1 (0.20%)
Job considered as essential 0.602
Yes 269 (53.77%) 259 (52.09%)
No 226 (46.23%) 232 (47.91%)
Missings 11 (2.17%) 10 (2.00%)
Frequency of feeling unprotected against SARS-CoV-2 at work < 0.001*
Never 270 (52.70%) 289 (57.07%)
Rarely 59 (11.90%) 75 (15.13%)
Sometimes 67 (12.55%) 74 (14.95%)
Usually 28 (6.13%) 25 (5.27%)
Always 79 (16.41%) 32 (6.62%)
Doesn’t know 2 (0.32%) 5 (0.96%)
Missings 1 (0.20%) 1 (0.20%)