Table 1.
General characteristics of retrieved studies (presented in chronological order, starting with the most recent)
| First author (reference no.) | Year of publication/data collection | Study design | Province/city | Age (year) | Sample size (M/F) | Prevalence of overweight, obesity | Overweight/obesity definition | Study quality (NOS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amin [11] | 2021/2016 | Cross-sectional | All 31 provinces of Iran | > 18 | 28,321 (13,708/14,613) | 37%, 23.2% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Najafipour [12] | 2021/phase 1:2009–2011/phase 2:2014–2018 | Cross-sectional | Kerman/Kerman | 15–80 |
Phase 1: 2820 (NM) Phase 2: 9997 (NM) |
Phase 1: 33.5%, 15.4% Phase 2: 35.8%, 22.3% |
BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Sayadi [13] | 2021/2019 | Cross-sectional | Shiraz | 40–70 | 7225 (3445/3780) | 44.9%, 28.9% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Mahdavi-Roshan [14] | 2021/2014–2017 | Cross-sectional | Guilan/Some’e Sara | 35–70 | 10,520 (4887/5633) | 39.9%, 32.7% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Zokaei [15] | 2021/NM | Cross-sectional | Alborz | ≥ 30 | 2947 (707/2240) | 51.7%, 35.4% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Zoghi [16] | 2021/2016–2018 | Cross-sectional | Hormozgan | 35–70 | 3917 (1691/2226) | 78%, 46% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Siervo [17] | 2021/NM | Cross-sectional | Fars | 35–70 | 4296 (1925/2371) | 35.8%, 17.2% | BMI > 25/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Amininezhad [18] | 2021/NM | Cross-sectional | Bushehr | 68.94 ± 6.21 | 1342 (115/1227) | 42.6%, 26.4% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Azadi [19] | 2021/NM | Cross-sectional | Southern Iran | 40–75 | 874 (273/601) | 46%, 25% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Alami [20] | 2021/2019 | Cross-sectional | Khorasan razavi/Gonabad and Bajestan | 15–64 | 1106 (553/553) | 31.4%, 12.4% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Mohammadi [21] | 2021/2018–2019 | Cross-sectional | Ardabil | 9.61 ± 1.76 | 581 (286/295) | 19.1%, 20.17% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Hadianfard [22] | 2021/2019 | Cross-sectional | Yazd | 2–16 | 510 (258/252) | Overweight and obesity: 40% | BMI ≥ 1SD | 4 |
| Nazari [23] | 2021/NM | Cross-sectional | Lorestan | 6–18 | 866 (419/447) | 13%, 9.2% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Taherifard [24] | 2021/2018 | Cross-sectional | Southern Iran | 15–65 | 276 (114/162) | 19%, 24% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 3 |
| Jafari [25] | 2021/2017 | Cross-sectional | Yazd | ≤ 1 | 602 (304/298) | 7.3%, 3.5% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Dastgheib [26] | 2021/2016 | Cross-sectional | Fars/Kharameh | 40–70 | 8222 (3992/4226) | Overweight: 53.4% | BMI > 25.0 | 5 |
| Entezarmahdi [27] | 2021/2017 | Cross-sectional | West Azerbaijan/NM | 2–5 | 2432 (1228/1204) | Obesity: 1.4% | BMI > 2SD | 4 |
| Asoudeh [28] | 2021/NM | Cross-sectional | Isfahan/Isfahan | 36.8 ± 8.1 | 5219 (NM) | Obesity: 18.9% | BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Najafi [29] | 2020/2014–2017 | Cross-sectional | 14 Provinces in Iran | 49.41 ± 9.18 | 129,257 (57,614/71,643) | 40.76%, 30.43% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Parvaresh [30] | 2020/2014–2015 | Cross-sectional | Kerman/Kerman | 7–12 | 1017 (519/498) | 13.7%, 14.3% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 5 |
| Pourabdian [31] | 2020/2013–2016 | Cross-sectional | Isfahan | > 20 | 36,625 males | 39.1%, 10.8% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Djalalinia [32] | 2020/2016 | Cross-sectional | National | > 18 | 31,050 (NM) | 59.3%, 22.7% | BMI > 25.0/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Taghdir [33] | 2020/2004–2012 | Cross-sectional | Fars/Shiraz | 41.1 ± 10.6 | 11,850 females | 41.4%, 24.1% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Anjom‑Shoae [34] | 2020/NM | Cross-sectional | Isfahan | 18–55 | 8691 (3450/5241) | 18.6%, NM | BMI > 25.0 | 5 |
| Katibeh [35] | 2020/2010–2011 | Cross-sectional | Yazd | 54.1 ± 10.0 | 2098 (1104/994) | 41.8%, 26.7% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Nabati [36] | 2020/2017–2018 | Cohort | South Caspian | > 18 | 1008 (606/402) | 46.13%, 31.45% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Shayan-Moghadam [37] | 2020/NM | Cross-sectional | Isfahan | 12–18 | 3207 females | 11.3%, 10.2% | 1SD < BMI < 2SD/BMI > 2SD | 4 |
| Abbaspoor [38] | 2020/2018 | Cross-sectional | Khuzestan/Ahvaz | 30–65 | 600 females | 36.5%, 36.5% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Alamolhoda [39] | 2020/2014 | Cross-sectional | Fars/Shiraz | 14–20 | 2538 (1286/1252) | 10.2%, 5.1% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Mozaffari‑Khosravi [40] | 2020/2019 | Cross-sectional | Yazd | 12–16 | 569 (NM) | Overweight and obesity: 37.8% | BMI ≥ 1SD | 4 |
| Mardani [41] | 2020/2017 | Cross-sectional | Lorestan/Khorramabad | 15–17 | 832 females | 16.3%, 5.8% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Momeni [42] | 2020/2016 | Cross-sectional | Kerman/Kerman | 5–6 | 731 (376/355) | 9.1%, 8% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Eslami [43] | 2020/2018 | Cross-sectional | Tehran/Tehran | 7–10 | 356 (191/165) | 21.6%, 13.5% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Golpour-Hamedani [44] | 2020/NM | Cross-sectional | Isfahan/Isfahan | 11–18 | 456 (189/267) | 17.1%, 9% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Mousapour [45] | 2020/1999–2017 | Cohort | Tehran/Tehran | > 19 | 10,045 (4480/5565) | 4.5% | BMI > 35 | 5 |
| Mirzaei [46] | 2020/2011 | Cross-sectional | Yazd/Yazd | 20–69 | 8749 (4349/4400) | Obesity: 26.3% | BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Kheradmand [47] | 2019/2015–2017 | Cross-sectional | Mazandaran/Sari | 35–70 | 10,255 (4149/6106) | 42.4%, 33.5% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Emamian [48] | 2019/2015 | Cross-sectional | Semnan/Shahroud | 9.7 ± 1.7 | 5586 (3011/2575) | 15.1%, 9.6% | 1SD < BMI < 2SD/BMI > 2SD | 5 |
| Abiri [49] | 2019/2017–2018 | Cross-sectional | Tehran/Tehran | 14–17 | 2132 females | 24.1%, 6.5% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 5 |
| Eidkhani [50] | 2019/phase 1: 1999–2005/phase 2: 2012–2014 | Cohort | Tehran/Tehran | 11–19 | Phase 1: 2998 (1415/1583); Phase 2: 946 (477/496) |
Phase 1: 10.9%, 13.3% Phase 2: 15.1%, 2.4% |
BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 6 |
| Momeni [51] | 2019/2017 | Cross-sectional | Kerman/Kerman | 40–60 | 450 (225/225) | 42.8%, 21.3% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Yousefichaijan [52] | 2019/NM | Cross-sectional | Markazi/Arak | ≥ 5 | 994 (508/486) | 13.2%, 10.5% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Khodabakhshi [53] | 2019/2014 | Cross-sectional | Khorasn Jonobi/Birjand | 60–86 | 400 (200/200) | 49%, NM | BMI > 25.0 | 4 |
| Jalali-Farahani [54] | 2019/NM | Cross-sectional | Isfahan/Isfahan | 12–18 | 584 (276/308) | 18.5%, 11.8% | 1SD < BMI < 2SD/BMI > 2SD | 4 |
| Hajian-Tilaki [55] | 2019/NM | Cross-sectional | Mazandaran/Babol | 42.8 ± 13.4 | 981 (443/538) | Overweight and obesity: 67.1% | BMI > 25.0 | 4 |
| Karimi [56] | 2019/2017 | Cross-sectional | Markazi/Zarandieh | 6.3 ± 1.1 | 572 (287/285) | 15.5%, 9.9% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Zohal [57] | 2019/2014–2017 | Cross-sectional | Yazd | 42.26 ± 13.03 | 149 (48/101) | 44.3%, 30.9% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Mohammadi [58] | 2019/2017 | Cross-sectional | Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari/Farsan | 6–12 | 1189 (515/674) |
Males: 9.9%, 8.5% Females: 8.6%, 3.4% |
BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Karimy [56] | 2019/2017 | Cross-sectional | Markazi/Zarandieh | 6–7 | 432 (214, 218) | Obesity: 12.2.% | BMI > 95th | 3 |
| Pouraram [59] | 2018/2011–2015 | Cross-sectional | All 31 provinces of Iran | 14–60 | 32,770 (both sexes, not reported their numbers) | Adolescents: 15.9%, 6.9% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 5 |
| Rezaei [60] | 2018/2014–2016 | Cross-sectional | Kermanshah/Ravansar | 35–65 | 8822 (4199/4623) | 43.4%, 27.6% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Najafi [61] | 2018/2014–2016 | Cross-sectional | Kermanshah/Ravansar | 35–65 | 10,086 (4786/5300) | 26.7% | BMI > 30.0 | 6 |
| Gandomkar [62] | 2018/2012–2014 | Cross-sectional | Fars/Valashahr | 52.6 ± 9.7 | 9264 (4276/4988) | 37.3%, 18.2% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 6 |
| Ejtahed [63] | 2018/2015 | Cross-sectional | 30 provinces of Iran | 7–18 | 14,002 (7085/6917) | 9.4%, 11.4% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 6 |
| Tabrizi [64] | 2018/2015 | Cross-sectional | East Azerbaijan | 15–65 | 2818 (1368/1450) | 39.6%, 24% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 6 |
| Ghaderian [65] | 2018/2015 | Cross-sectional | Khuzestan/Ahvaz | 41.07 ± 13.52 | 2575 (1187/1388) | 38.9%, 26.5% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 6 |
| Kolahi [66] | 2018/2011 | Cross-sectional | All 31 provinces of Iran | > 20 | 12,000 (3879/5618) | 34.5%, 21.5% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Motlagh [67] | 2018/2015–2016 | Cross-sectional | Five ethnicities in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Arab, Kurdish, Sistani and Baluchi, Turkish and Turkmen | 12–14 | 2444 (1271/1173) | 15.3%, 9.2% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 5 |
| Molani Gol [68] | 2018/2017 | Cross-sectional | East Azerbaijan/Tabriz | 30–55 | 152 males | 34.2%, 52.6% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Rashidi [69] | 2018/phase 1: 2009; phase 2: 2014 | Cohort | Khouzestan/Ahvaz | 10–16 | 176 (100/76) |
Phase 1: 7.4%, 14.8% Phase 2: 10%, 4% |
BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Mohammad Beigi [70] | 2018/2015 | Cross-sectional | Qom/Qom | 21 ± 2 | 301 (187/113) | 21.3% | BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Ardekani [71] | 2018/2014–2016 | Cross-sectional | Yazd/Yazd | 20–70 | 8652 (4291/4361) | Obesity: 25.9% | BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Maleki [72] | 2019/NM | Cross-sectional | Lorestan/borujerd | ≥ 35 | 801 (412, 389) | Obesity: 22.8% | BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Ghanbari Ghozikali [73] | 2017/2016 | Cross-sectional | East Azerbaijan/Tabriz | 15–18 | 1143 males | 18.5%, 10.1% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Kelishadi [74] | 2017/2011–2012 | Cross-sectional | 30 provinces of Iran | 6–18 | 36,529 (18,553/17,976) | 11.5%, 8.3% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 6 |
| Djalalinia [75] | 2017/NM | Cross-sectional | 30 provinces of Iran | 6–18 | 21,876 (11,132/10,744) | 13.1%, 6.5% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 6 |
| Amani [76] | 2017/2015 | Cross-sectional | Kurdistan/7 cities | ≥ 20 | 13,710 (both sexes, not reported their numbers) | 19.3% | BMI > 25.0 | 6 |
| Emamian [48] | 2019/2005 | Cross-sectional | 31 provinces in Iran | 15–64 | 87,240 (43,773, 43,467) | 13.1% | BMI > 30.0 | 7 |
| Jahromi [77] | 2017/2014 | Cross-sectional | Fars/Jahrom | 31.04 ± 6.97 | 263 (53, 210) | Overweight: 19.3% | BMI: 25.0–30 | 4 |
| Raeisi [78] | 2017/NM | Cohort | Bushehr | 67.9 ± 7.1 | 3000 (1455/1545) |
Males: 57.7%, 14.7% Females: 73.2%, 33.7% |
BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Saber [79] | 2017/2010 | Cross-sectional | Kerman/Kerman | 15–75 | 988 (420/568) | 36.6%, 18.1% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Hajian-Tilaki [80] | 2017/2012 | Cross-sectional | Mazandaran/Babol | 20–70 | 986 (446/540) | 38%, 29.1% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Mirshekar [81] | 2017/2016 | Cross-sectional | Sistan and Baluchestan/Zabol | 7–11 | 3443 (1748/1695) | 10.9%, 4.5% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 5 |
| Abbasalizad Farhangi [82] | 2017/NM | Cross-sectional | East Azarbayjan | 60–94 | 248 (110/138) | 50% | BMI > 25.0 | 4 |
| Ghobadi [83] | 2017/2015–2016 | Cross-sectional | Fars/Shiraz | 6–10 | 607 (276/331) | 9.1%, 8.4% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Doostan [84] | 2017/2012 | Cross-sectional | Kerman/Kerman | 2–6 | 1154 (597/557) | 2.4%, 4.5% | 1SD < BMI < 2SD/BMI > 2SD | 4 |
| Nikooyeh [85] | 2017/2013 | Cross-sectional | Six provinces of Iran | 5–18 | 667 (322/345) | 6.7%, 4.1% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Doustmohamadian [86] | 2016/1999 | Cross-sectional | Tehran/Tehran | ≥ 30 | 8804 (3974/4830) | 70.9%, 26.6% | BMI > 25.0/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Gandomkar [87] | 2016/2012–2014 | Cross-sectional | Fars/Valashahr | 40–75 | 9264 (4276/4988) | 37.3%, 18.1% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 6 |
| Javedan [88] | 2016/2015 | Cross-sectional | Tehran/Tehran | 5–7 | 17,487 (8888/8599) | 19.9%, 6.8% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 6 |
| Jalali-Farahani [89] | 2016/2008–2010 | Cross-sectional | Tehran/Tehran | ≥ 20 | 2747 (1146/1601) | 61.6% | BMI > 25.0 | 5 |
| Hassanzadeh-Rostami [90] | 2016/2012–2013 | Cross-sectional | Fars/Shiraz | 2–6.9 | 8821 (4618/4203) | 5.7%, 5.2% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 6 |
| Badeli [91] | 2016/2013–2015 | Cross-sectional | Guilan/Rasht | 7–17 | 2062 (1153/909) | 13.3%, 3.5% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Zarrati [92] | 2016/2011–2012 | Cross-sectional | Tehran/Tehran | 11–14 | 1184 (559, 625) | 22%, 5.3% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 5 |
| Veghari [93] | 2016/2013 | Cross-sectional | Golestan | ≤ 5 | 2487 (1280/1207) | 5.2%, 3.5% | 1SD < BMI < 2SD/BMI > 2SD | 5 |
| Nikniaz [94] | 2016/2013 | Cross-sectional | East Azerbaijan/Tabriz | 18–65 | 500 females | 20.2%, 24.6% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Keykhaei [95] | 2016/2012 | Cross-sectional | Sistan and Baluchistan/Zahedan | 7–11 | 585 (293/292) | 11.7%, 22% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Bakhshi [96] | 2016/2000–2011 | Cohort | All 31 provinces of Iran | > 20 | 2000: 27,869 (12,690/15,179); 2007: 26,716 (13,194/13,522); 2009: 20,917 (10,083/10,834); 2011: 8425 (3551/4874) |
2000: 12.3%; 2007: 20.7%; 2009: 20.2%; 2011: 22.2% |
BMI > 30.0 | 6 |
| Bahrani [97] | 2016/NM | Cross-sectional | Fars/Shiraz | 16.3 ± 1.0 | 538 (289/249) | 18%, 6.7% | 1SD < BMI < 2SD/BMI > 2SD | 4 |
| Pourghasem [98] | 2016/2016 | Cross-sectional | Mazandaran/Babol | 6–18 | 1158 (653/505) | 8%, 2.2% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Baygi [99] | 2016/2015 | Cross-sectional | Iranian male seafarers of NITC | 36.0 ± 10.3 | 234 males | 42.5%, 8.6% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Jamalikandazi [100] | 2016/NM | Cross-sectional | Ilam/Ilam | 16–18 | 360 females | 10.8%, 5% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Heidari-Bakavoli [101] | 2015/started in 2010 | Cohort | Khorasan/Mashhad | 35–65 | 9765 (3907/5866) | 42.8%, 30.9% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 6 |
| Hovsepian [102] | 2015/2011–2012 | Cross-sectional | 30 provinces of Iran | 6–18 | 13,486 (6846/6640) | 9.6%, 11.8% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 6 |
| Esmaili [103] | 2015/2011–2012 | Cross-sectional | 30 provinces of Iran | 6–18 | 13,486 (6943/6543) | 9.6%, 11.8% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 6 |
| Kelishadi [104] | 2015/2011–2012 | Cross-sectional | 31 provinces of Iran | 6–18 | 23,043 (11,706/11,337) | 13%, 6.6% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 7 |
| Ghadimi [105] | 2015/2012 | Cross-sectional | Mazandaran/Babol | 7–11 | 3649 (1780/1869) | 11.7%, 14.3% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 6 |
| Heshmat [106] | 2015/2009–2010 | Cross-sectional | 27 provinces of Iran | 10–18 | 5570 (2786/2784) | 80%, 8.7% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 6 |
| Soheilipour [107] | 2015/2012 | Cross-sectional | Sistan and Baluchestan/Zahedan | 6–13 | 3582 (1796/1796) | 11.8%, 92.9% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 5 |
| Kalani [108] | 2015/NM | Cross-sectional | Yazd/Yazd | ≥ 18 | 1130 (456/674) | 36.1%, 26.1% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Abdollahi [109] | 2015/2008 | Cross-sectional | Tehran/Pakdasht | NM | 1178 females | 37.3%, 20.3% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Shojaei [110] | 2015/2015 | Cross-sectional | Fars/Jahrom | > 30 | 892 (405/487) | 85.7%, 34.7% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Barzin [111] | 2015/1999–2011 | Cohort | Tehran/Tehran | ≥ 20 | 1999–2001: 10,368 (4397/5971); 2009–2011: 6217 (2573/3644) | 1999–2001: 23.1%; 2009–2011: 34.1% | BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Bagheri Lankarani [112] | 2015/2010–2011 | Cross-sectional | Fars/Shiraz | 18–88 | 777 (326/451) | 39.6%, 18.7% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Vaziri-Esfarjani [113] | 2015/2009 | Cross-sectional | Khouzestan/Ahvaz | 7–11 | 960 (480/480) | 11.9%, 6% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Alimoradi [114] | 2015/NM | Cross-sectional | Qazvin/Qazvin | 10–18 | 318 (162, 156) | 15.7%, 4.7% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Ghiyas Tabari [115] | 2015/2015 | Cross-sectional | Sistan and Baluchestan/Chabahar | 28.310 ± 9.11 | 120 females | 15%, 7.5% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Kelishadi [116] | 2015/NM | Cross-sectional | 27 provinces in Iran | 10–18 | 5625 (2824/2801) | 80%, 8.9% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 5 |
| Kelishadi [117] | 2014/2009 | Cross-sectional | 31 provinces of Iran | 6 | 955,388 (492,025/463,363) | 10.9%, 3.4% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 7 |
| Heidari [118] | 2014/2010 | Cross-sectional | Isfahan/Isfahan | 12–14 | 12,946 (2415/10,531) | 17.1%, 22.1% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 6 |
| Tabesh [119] | 2014/2012–2013 | Cross-sectional | Khuzestan/Ahvaz | 7–11 | 5811 (2904/2907) |
Males: 23.6%, 6.05% Females: 19.3%, 4.5% |
BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 5 |
| Ataie-Jafari [120] | 2014/2009–2010 | Cross-sectional | 27 provinces of Iran | 10–18 | 4641 (2326/2315) | 10.9%, 11.8% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 5 |
| Rahmanian [121] | 2014/2009–2010 | Cross-sectional | 27 provinces of Iran | 10–18 | 5088 (2556/2532) | 9.1%, 7.55 | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 5 |
| Jafari [122] | 2014/2009–2010 | Cross-sectional | Isfahan/Isfahan | 9–15 | 4691 (2347/2344) | 10.4%, 5.7% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 5 |
| Shafaghi [123] | 2014/2010–2011 | Cross-sectional | Khorasan Razavi/Mashhad | 13.1 ± 1.03 | 1189 (579/610) | 17.2%, 11.9% | 1SD < BMI < 2SD/BMI > 2SD | 5 |
| Hatami [124] | 2014/2009–2010 | Cross-sectional | Tehran/Tehran | 10–18 | 1157 (NM) | Overweight and obesity: 19.8% | BMI ≥ 1 SD | 4 |
| Jalali-Farahani [125] | 2014/NM | Cross-sectional | Tehran/Tehran | 14–17 | 465 (238/227) | Overweight and obesity: 38.4% | BMI ≥ 1 SD | 4 |
| Heidari-Beni [126] | 2014/2013 | Cross-sectional | Isfahan/Isfahan | 11–13 | 205 females | Overweight and obesity: 50.7% | BMI ≥ 1 SD | 4 |
| Nouri Saeidlou [127] | 2014/2011 | Cross-sectional | West Azerbaijan, Kermanshah, Isfahan | < 5 |
West Azerbaijan: 902 (447, 455); Kermanshah: 829 (406, 423); Isfahan: 794 (400, 394) |
West Azerbaijan: 5.1%, 1.3%; Kermanshah: 4.5%, 0.7%; Isfahan: 3.6%, 0.1% | 1SD < BMI < 2SD/BMI > 2SD | 5 |
| Farzaneh [128] | 2014/2013 | Cross-sectional | Mazandaran/Amol | 14–15 | 381 (148, 233) | 16.6%, 6.6% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Asgari [129] | 2013/2009 | Cross-sectional | All 31 provinces of Iran | ≥ 20 | 20,917 (10,083/10,834) | 20.2% | BMI > 30.0 | 6 |
| Yarahmadi [130] | 2013/2010–2011 | Cross-sectional | 6 provinces' capital cities (Isfahan, Karaj, Mashad, Shiraz, Tabriz, and Tehran) | ≥ 30 | 439,406 (175,762, 263,644) | 27%, 20% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 7 |
| Naderi Beni [131] | 2013/2010 | Cross-sectional | Isfahan/Chadegan | ≤ 5 | 403 (NM) | 2.2% | BMI > 2 SD | 4 |
| Veghari [132] | 2013/2010 | Cross-sectional | Golestan | 15–65 | 2994 (1499/1495) | 31.7%, 22.7% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Khashayar [133] | 2013/2009–2010 | Cross-sectional | All 31 provinces of Iran | 10–18 | 5738 (2863/2875) | Overweight and obesity: 17.7% | BMI ≥ 1 SD | 5 |
| Basiratnia [134] | 2013/2010–2011 | Cross-sectional | Fars/Shiraz | 13.85 ± 1.69 | 2000 (953, 1047) | 13%, 7% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 5 |
| Ghavamzadeh [135] | 2013/2008–2009 | Cross-sectional | West Azerbaijan/Urmia | 11–20 | 2498 (NM) | Overweight and obesity: 14.1% | BMI ≥ 1 SD | 5 |
| Damirchi [136] | 2013/2012 | Cross-sectional | Guilan/Rasht | 18–69 | 400 (200, 200) | 52%, 23.5% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Koushki [137] | 2013/2012 | Cross-sectional | Khorasan Razavi/Neyshabur | 30–50 | 381 females | 45.5%, 30.4% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Taheri [138] | 2013/2012 | Cross-sectional | South Khorasan/Birjand | 6–11 | 1541 (690, 851) | 9.5%, 9.2% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 5 |
| Khoshandam Sarvynehbaghi [139] | 2013/2010 | Cross-sectional | Mazandaran/NM | 20–66 | 400 males | 47.2%, 24.8% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Bahreini [140] | 2013/2010 | Cross-sectional | Isfahan/Isfahan | 11–18 | 3002 (1377/1652) | 5.6%, 3.5% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 5 |
| Dalili [141] | 2013/NM | Cross-sectional | Guilan/Rasht | 12 | 752 (493, 259) | 15%, 16.5% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Hajian-Tilaki [142] | 2013/2012 | Cross-sectional | Mazandaran/Babol | 2–5 | 760 (375, 385) | 11.8%, 15% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 5 |
| Hatami [143] | 2013/2009–2010 | Cross-sectional | Tehran/Tehran | 12–18 | 739 (339/400) | 13.9%, 6.6% | 1SD < BMI < 2SD/BMI > 2SD | 4 |
| Salehi-Abargouei [144] | 2013/NM | Cross-sectional | Isfahan/Isfahan | 6–12 | 635 (159, 476) | Obesity: 17.6% | BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Loukzadeh [145] | 2013/2012 | Cross-sectional | Yazd/NM | 36 ± 8.8 | 152 males | 48%, 15.1% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Agha-Alinejad [146] | 2013/NM | Cross-sectional | Tehran/Tehran | 5–6 | 381 | 7.1%, 12% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Jafari [147] | 2012/NM | Cross-sectional | Golestan/NM | 40–75 | 50,045 (21,219, 28,826) | 33.9%, 25.4% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 6 |
| Mohebbi [148] | 2012/2007–2010 | Cross-sectional | Professional long-distance drivers | 20–67 | 12,138 males | 41.4%, 21.3% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 6 |
| Poorolajal [149] | 2012/2005–2009 | Cross-sectional | Hamadan/Hamadan | 15–64 | 6500 (3250, 3250) | 32.1%, 15.1% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 6 |
| Barzigar [150] | 2012/2009 | Cross-sectional | Guilan/14 cities | 15–89 | 2283 (1062, 1221) | 65.5% | BMI > 25.0 | 6 |
| Heidari [151] | 2012/2006–2008 | Cross-sectional | Tehran/Tehran | 41.0 ± 7 | 1041 females | 45.8%, 35.7% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
| Doustmohammadian [152] | 2012/2001–2003 | Cross-sectional | 31 provinces of Iran | 11–19 | 7908 (4158, 3750) | 7.3%, 3.3% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 6 |
| Shirani [153] | 2012/2007 | Cross-sectional | Isfahan/Isfahan | 15–64 | 1000 (500, 500) | 60.8% | BMI > 25.0 | 5 |
| Gharakhanlou [154] | 2012/NM | Cross-sectional | Tabriz/7 big cities | 15–74 | 2179 (991, 1188) |
Males: 39.4%, 10.2% Females: 34.4%, 18.6% |
BMI > 25.0/BMI > 30.0 | 6 |
| Hajian-Tilaki [155] | 2012/2008 | Cross-sectional | Mazandaran/Babol | 12–17 | 1199 (600/599) | 15%, 8.3% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 5 |
| Esmaeilzadeh [156] | 2012/NM | Cross-sectional | Ardabil/Ardabil | 7–11 | 766 males | 14.1%, 4.1% | BMI 25.0–29.9/BMI > 30.0 | 4 |
| Vafa [157] | 2012/2008 | Cross-sectional | Tehran/Tehran | 7 | 511 (235, 276) | 8%, 11.7% | BMI: 85th–95th, BMI > 95th | 4 |
| Mirhosseini [158] | 2012/2007 | Cross-sectional | Khorasan Razavi/Mashhad | 15–18 | 477 females | 14.6%, 3.4% | 1SD < BMI < 2SD/BMI > 2SD | 4 |
| Mehrkash [159] | 2012/NM | Cross-sectional | Golestan/ | 15–18 | 450 (225/225) | Overweight: 10.5% | BMI: 85th–95th | 4 |
| Najafipour [160] | 2012/2009–2011 | Cross-sectional | Kerman/Kerman | 15–75 | 5900 (2662/3238) | Obesity: 17.7% | BMI > 30.0 | 5 |
M/F, male/female; NOS, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale; F/M, female/male; BMI, body mass index; NM, not mentioned; NITC, National Iranian Tanker Company