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. 2023 Jul 24;14:180. doi: 10.1186/s13287-023-03408-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — MSC-sEVs inhibited the effects of dendritic cells on ILC2s in patients with allergic rhinitis. A. Schematic representation of mDCs and sEV-mDCs generation and co-cultures. B–F. PBMCs from patients with AR were co-cultured with allogeneic mDCs or sEV-mDCs for 3 days. B. The levels of IL-13 in the supernatants were analyzed by ELISA (n = 8). C. Gating strategy of human ILC2s with Lin⁻CRTH2⁺CD127⁺. D-E. Intracellular IL-13 levels in ILC2s were analyzed by flow cytometry (n = 10). F-G. Levels of GATA3 in ILC2s were analyzed by flow cytometry (n = 4). DC: dendritic cell; ILC2: group 2 innate lymphoid cell; MSC: mesenchymal stromal cell; sEV: small extracellular vesicle. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001