Table 1.

Advanced technologies, materials and artificial intelligence options for water pollution of metal pollutants.

Pollutants	Advanced Technologies	Materials	Example of AI technologies
Lead (Pb)	Adsorption, Ion exchange, Membrane technology, chemical precipitation, Electrokinetic process	Activated carbon, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene (GN), 2- acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid-based hydrogel and PVC, Metal-Organic Framework (AMOF-1), sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate, Fenton reaction [[66], [67], [68], [69], [70]]	artificial neural networks (ANNs), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), multiple linear regression (MLR), electrokinetic remediation technology (EKRT), response surface methodology (RSM), support vector machine (SVM) [39,40,42,43,50]
Cadmium (Cd)	Adsorption, Membrane technology, Chemical precipitation, Ion exchange	Polyvinyl alcohol/zeolite nanofibrous, Iridium oxide-coated titanium anode, steel (iron) or aluminum electrodes, AMOF-1, CNTs, GN [67,[69], [70], [71], [72]]
Chromium (Cr)	Adsorption, Membrane technology, Ion exchange	Molecularly capped silver nanoparticles (N-MCNPs), Zeolite, CNTs, GN [70,[73], [74], [75]]
Nickel (Ni)	Adsorption, Ion exchange, Membrane technology, Phytobial remediation	Coconut husk, 2- acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid-based hydrogel and PVC, Activated carbon, Zeolite [67,68,70,76]
Iron (Fe)	Chemical precipitation, Membrane technology	Metabolic Network Reactor, calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate [66,77]
Zinc (Zn)	Membrane technology, adsorption, Ion exchange	Poly (amidoamine)/carbon nanotube, Amberlite, Diaion CR11, Zeolite, AMOF-1 [67,69,70,78,79]