Table 3.
Rates of skeletal and non-skeletal complications by age group among ACH cases (CPRD cohort)
| Complications by body system category and age group | Specific events by age group* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category | n, ER per 100PY** | Specific event | n, ER per 100PY** | ||||
| 0–10 years | 11–17 years | 18–59 years | ≥ 60 years | < 18 years | ≥ 18 years | ||
| All non-skeletal | 465, 69.50 | 169, 41.46 | 1960, 66.50 | 1018, 118.09 | – | – | – |
| Developmental | 29, 4.33 | < 5, NC | 10, 0.34 | < 5, NC | Developmental delay | 13, 1.21 | < 5, NC |
| Speech delay | 12, 1.11 | 8, 0.21 | |||||
| Motor delay | 5, 0.46 | < 5, NC | |||||
| Neurological*** | 37, 5.53 | 15, 3.68 | 116, 3.94 | 60, 6.96 | Incontinence/neurogenic bladder or bowel | 17, 1.58 | 70, 1.84 |
| Paraplegia/parathesia | < 5, NC | 51, 1.34 | |||||
| Seizures/epilepsy | < 5, NC | 37, 0.97 | |||||
| Hydrocephalus/ventriculomegaly | 31, 2.88 | 11, 0.29 | |||||
| Dementia | < 5, NC | 5, 0.13 | |||||
| Skeletal*** | 66, 9.86 | 23, 5.64 | 227, 7.70 | 143, 16.59 | Spinal stenosis/cord compression | 14, 1.30 | 124, 3.26 |
| Arthritis/osteoarthritis | < 5, NC | < 100, 2.47 | |||||
| Falls | 15, 1.39 | 90, 2.36 | |||||
| Spinal deformities | 46, 4.27 | 14, 0.37 | |||||
| Osteoporosis/osteopenia/reduced BMD | 0 | 39, 1.02 | |||||
| Leg deformity (including genu varum) | < 15, 1.02 | < 5, NC | |||||
| Craniocervical stenosis | < 5, NC | < 10, 0.13 | |||||
| ENT*** | 271, 40.51 | 42, 10.30 | 167, 5.67 | 37, 4.29 | Otitis media | 254, 23.59 | 111, 2.91 |
| Hearing loss/deafness | 45, 4.18 | 56, 1.47 | |||||
| Sinusitis | 0 | 25, 0.66 | |||||
| Enlarged tonsils | < 15, 0.93 | < 5, 0.08 | |||||
| Voice abnormalities | 0 | 8, 0.21 | |||||
| Respiratory | 35, 5.23 | < 5, NC | 73, 2.48 | < 35, NC | Sleep disorder | 6, 0.56 | 91, 2.39 |
| Apnoea/sleep disordered breathing | 33, 3.07 | 14, 0.37 | |||||
| Metabolic | < 5, NC | < 10, NC | 213, 7.23 | 103, 11.95 | Obesity | 10, 0.93 | 179, 4.70 |
| Diabetes | < 5, NC | 94, 2.47 | |||||
| Hyperlipidaemia | < 5, NC | 43, 1.13 | |||||
| Mental health | < 5, NC | 13, 3.19 | 254, 8.62 | 107, 12.41 | Depression/anxiety | 7, 0.65 | 294, 7.72 |
| Substance dependence/abuse | < 5, NC | 37, 0.97 | |||||
| ‘Other’ mental health issues | < 5, NC | 22, 0.58 | |||||
| Self-harm/suicidal ideation | 5, 0.46 | < 5, NC | |||||
| ADD/ADHD/adjustment disorder | < 5, NC | < 5, NC | |||||
| Cardiovascular | < 10, NC | < 10, NC | 282, 9.57 | 271, 31.44 | Hypertension | < 5, NC | 319, 8.37 |
| Chest pain/angina | 10, 0.93 | 184, 4.83 | |||||
| Coronary disease | < 5, NC | 36, 0.95 | |||||
| Stroke | < 5, NC | 7, 0.18 | |||||
| Myocardial infarction | < 5, NC | 7, 0.18 | |||||
| Other | 84, 12.56 | 83, 20.36 | 861, 29.21 | 412, 47.79 | Pain | 96, 8.92 | 1042, 27.35 |
| Gastrointestinal issues | 43, 3.99 | 165, 4.33 | |||||
| Headache | 28, 2.60 | 47, 1.23 | |||||
| Sexual health/gynaecological issues | < 5, NC | 19, 0.50 | |||||
ACH Achondroplasia; ADD Attention deficit disorder; ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; BMD Bone mineral density; CPRD Clinical Practice Research Database; ENT Ear, nose and throat; ER Event rate; n Number of events of interest; NC Not calculated (due to small cell size); PY Person years
*Due to small cell sizes, specific events by age group are presented within broader < 18 or ≥ 18 year age categories
**Where the number of events in a cell was less than 5, this has been stated as < 5 due to CPRD reporting requirements. In some cases, values greater than 5 have been reported as less than (< the next highest multiple of 5) to prevent calculation of exact values elsewhere
***Data on myelopathy, failure to thrive, subdural haemorrhage/haematoma, cauda equinasyndrome, tracheomalacia/bronchomalacia and middle ear dysfunction/disorder have not been reported by age group, since the overall number of events was < 5