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. 2023 Jul 25;11:120. doi: 10.1186/s40478-023-01616-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Synaptic loss in thoracic SC of TDP-43-positive ALS correlates with synaptic loss in lumbar and cervical SC. a–d Representative pictures of SC (T10-T12; overview, a) and with high-magnification insets from lamina I-II (b), lamina VII (c) and lamina IX (d) from pTDP-43 + ALS cases with different disease duration and neuropathological stage; immunostaining for synaptophysin, 50 µm paraffin sections. Scale bar = 500 µm overview, 20 µm inset. e–g. synaptic area is unchanged in lamina I-II (3) and lamina VII (f) but shows a very strong trend toward decrease in lamina IX (g). h The synaptic area in lamina IX is highly correlated with synaptic area in the lamina IX of lumbar SC. i The synaptic area in lamina IX is highly correlated with synaptic area in the lamina IX of cervical SC. Data information: In (e–g), data are presented as means ± SD. ns, p > 0.05 (t-test and Pearson´s correlation)