Table 2.
Factors associated with timing of first ANC in Togo
| Bivariate analysis (OR, 95%CI) | Multivariable analysis (OR, 95%CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Urban | Rural | Overall | Urban | Rural | |
| Timing of first ANC visits | ||||||
| Age groups (15–24) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| 25–34 |
1.06 [0.90,1.24] |
0.98 [0.75,1.27] |
1.00 [0.80,1.24] |
|||
| 35–49 |
1.02 [0.85,1.22] |
0.98 [0.72,1.33] |
1.12 [0.89,1.41] |
|||
| Education (no education) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Primary |
1.50*** [1.29,1.76] |
1.40* [1.04,1.88] |
1.30** [1.07,1.58] |
1.07 [0.89,1.27] |
1.30 [0.94,1.79] |
1.02 [0.82,1.27] |
| Secondary and higher |
2.67*** [2.27,3.15] |
2.34*** [1.76,3.12] |
1.76*** [1.39,2.22] |
1.37** [1.11,1.69] |
1.67** [1.20,2.33] |
1.22 [0.92,1.62] |
| Religion (Christian) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Muslim |
0.79** [0.67,0.93] |
0.87 [0.68,1.10] |
0.75** [0.59,0.94] |
0.99 [0.82,1.20] |
1.20 [0.90,1.60] |
0.86 [0.66,1.12] |
| Indigenous beliefs |
0.42*** [0.35,0.49] |
0.42*** [0.26,0.67] |
0.57*** [0.47,0.70] |
0.78* [0.64,0.95] |
0.74 [0.44,1.24] |
0.73** [0.59,0.92] |
| Ethnicity (Adja-ewe/Mina) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Kabye/Tem |
0.69*** [0.59,0.82] |
0.97 [0.74,1.26] |
0.78* [0.62,0.99] |
0.93 [0.75,1.15] |
1.20 [0.87,1.64] |
0.75 [0.56,1.01] |
| Akposso/Akebou |
0.98 [0.70,1.37] |
1.64 [0.85,3.17] |
1.14 [0.76,1.72] |
1.24 [0.86,1.77] |
1.64 [0.82,3.29] |
1.02 [0.65,1.57] |
| Ana-ife |
0.89 [0.60,1.31] |
0.35 [0.13,0.95] |
1.52 [0.98,2.37] |
1.21 [0.80,1.84] |
0.42 [0.15,1.18] |
1.41 [0.88,2.25] |
| Para-gourma/Akan |
0.49*** [0.41,0.58] |
0.73 [0.53,1.00] |
0.62*** [0.49,0.78] |
0.96 [0.74,1.24] |
1.00 [0.67,1.48] |
0.84 [0.59,1.19] |
| Other |
0.41*** [0.26,0.65] |
0.92 [0.39,2.18] |
0.43** [0.24,0.78] |
0.69 [0.41,1.16] |
1.45 [0.53,3.96] |
0.51* [0.27,0.98] |
| Non-togolese |
1.17 [0.87,1.57] |
0.88 [0.62,1.25] |
1.41 [0.80,2.47] |
0.98 [0.71,1.34] |
0.88 [0.60,1.27] |
1.41 [0.79,2.51] |
| Residence (Urban) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Rural |
0.38*** [0.33,0.44] |
1.61** [1.16,2.22] |
||||
| Region (Grande agglomération de Lomé) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Maritime |
0.38*** [0.30,0.49] |
0.50* [0.29,0.88] |
0.62** [0.45,0.86] |
0.64 [0.36,1.16] |
||
| Plateaux |
0.40*** [0.33,0.49] |
0.48*** [0.31,0.73] |
1.05 [0.80,1.39] |
0.65** [0.49,0.87] |
0.50** [0.32,0.80] |
1.15 [0.83,1.57] |
| Centrale |
0.39*** [0.32,0.49] |
0.58** [0.40,0.83] |
0.96 [0.71,1.29] |
0.65** [0.48,0.89] |
0.59* [0.38,0.92] |
1.27 [0.86,1.86] |
| Kara |
0.29*** [0.23,0.36] |
0.49*** [0.31,0.76] |
0.70* [0.51,0.95] |
0.56*** [0.40,0.77] |
0.46** [0.28,0.76] |
1.10 [0.75,1.63] |
| Savanes |
0.23*** [0.19,0.28] |
0.39*** [0.25,0.60] |
0.57*** [0.43,0.76] |
0.49*** [0.35,0.69] |
0.44** [0.26,0.75] |
0.89 [0.58,1.36] |
| Health insurance (No) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes |
2.96*** [2.19,3.98] |
2.45*** [1.63,3.67] |
2.27*** [1.41,3.66] |
1.93*** [1.39,2.67] |
2.07*** [1.33,3.22] |
1.69* [1.02,2.79] |
| Parity (1–2) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 3–4 |
0.77*** [0.66,0.90] |
0.70** [0.55,0.88] |
0.96 [0.77,1.18] |
0.92 [0.78,1.09] |
0.77 [0.60,1.00] |
1.06 [0.85,1.33] |
| > 4 |
0.54*** [0.46,0.63] |
0.46*** [0.34,0.64] |
0.82 [0.67,1.00] |
0.91 [0.75,1.09] |
0.63* [0.44,0.91] |
1.06 [0.84,1.32] |
| Last child wanted (No) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Yes |
1.09 [0.83,1.42] |
1.41 [0.96,2.07] |
1.05 [0.72,1.54] |
|||
| Currently employed (No) | ref | ref | ref | |||
| Yes |
0.90 [0.76,1.06] |
0.94 [0.73,1.22] |
0.99 [0.78,1.26] |
|||
| Wealth index (Poorest) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Poorer |
1.31* [1.05,1.63] |
0.39 [0.05,2.77] |
1.33* [1.07,1.66] |
1.06 [0.83,1.34] |
0.25 [0.03,1.92] |
1.07 [0.84,1.37] |
| Middle |
1.41** [1.13,1.74] |
0.13* [0.03,0.64] |
1.51*** [1.22,1.88] |
1.03 [0.80,1.32] |
0.06*** [0.01,0.34] |
1.12 [0.86,1.45] |
| Richer |
2.41*** [1.96,2.96] |
0.82 [0.24,2.83] |
2.90*** [2.08,4.03] |
1.90*** [1.35,2.67] |
0.34 [0.09,1.27] |
1.90*** [1.29,2.78] |
| Richest |
5.24*** [4.29,6.41] |
1.87 [0.54,6.45] |
7.88*** [2.55,24.32] |
3.46*** [2.32,5.16] |
0.56 [0.15,2.14] |
5.69** [1.75,18.49] |
Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals in brackets. Level of significance = * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001