Table 3.
Factors associated with adequacy of ANC visits in Togo
| Bivariate analysis (OR, 95%CI) | Multivariable analysis (OR, 95%CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Urban | Rural | Overall | Urban | Rural | |
| Adequacy of ANC | ||||||
| Age groups (15–24) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 25–34 |
1.31*** [1.13,1.51] |
1.28 [0.95,1.71] |
1.24* [1.04,1.48] |
1.53*** [1.27,1.84] |
1.42* [1.02,1.96] |
1.55*** [1.23,1.94] |
| 35–49 |
1.06 [0.90,1.24] |
1.10 [0.78,1.54] |
1.10 [0.91,1.33] |
1.61*** [1.27,2.05] |
1.79* [1.15,2.81] |
1.54** [1.15,2.05] |
| Education (no education) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Primary |
1.56*** [1.36,1.78] |
1.39* [1.03,1.87] |
1.40*** [1.20,1.64] |
1.24** [1.06,1.45] |
1.36 [0.98,1.88] |
1.24* [1.03,1.48] |
| Secondary and higher |
2.72*** [2.32,3.20] |
2.37*** [1.74,3.23] |
1.95*** [1.58,2.40] |
1.73*** [1.41,2.12] |
1.92*** [1.34,2.77] |
1.67*** [1.30,2.15] |
| Religion (Christian) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Muslim |
0.86 [0.74,1.01] |
0.88 [0.67,1.15] |
0.88 [0.73,1.07] |
1.03 [0.86,1.23] |
1.09 [0.79,1.51] |
0.99 [0.79,1.23] |
| Indigenous beliefs |
0.47*** [0.41,0.54] |
0.53** [0.35,0.81] |
0.60*** [0.52,0.71] |
0.75*** [0.64,0.88] |
0.88 [0.55,1.42] |
0.72*** [0.60,0.86] |
| Ethnicity (Adja-ewe/Mina) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Kabye/Tem |
0.74*** [0.64,0.87] |
1.02 [0.76,1.38] |
0.85 [0.69,1.04] |
0.88 [0.72,1.08] |
1.14 [0.80,1.64] |
0.78 [0.60,1.01] |
| Akposso/Akebou |
0.86 [0.63,1.20] |
1.27 [0.57,2.82] |
1.03 [0.71,1.50] |
1.15 [0.81,1.64] |
1.30 [0.57,2.97] |
1.04 [0.70,1.56] |
| Ana-ife |
0.67* [0.46,0.96] |
0.40* [0.18,0.91] |
0.98 [0.64,1.49] |
0.90 [0.60,1.33] |
0.52 [0.22,1.26] |
0.99 [0.63,1.54] |
| Para-gourma/Akan |
0.59*** [0.50,0.69] |
1.14 [0.79,1.64] |
0.71*** [0.58,0.86] |
1.15 [0.90,1.47] |
1.30 [0.83,2.05] |
1.09 [0.81,1.48] |
| Other |
0.61** [0.43,0.88] |
0.73 [0.29,1.81] |
0.79 [0.53,1.18] |
1.02 [0.67,1.54] |
0.97 [0.36,2.61] |
0.96 [0.60,1.54] |
| Non-togolese |
1.08 [0.80,1.47] |
0.86 [0.59,1.26] |
1.01 [0.60,1.72] |
0.91 [0.66,1.26] |
0.91 [0.61,1.37] |
0.97 [0.56,1.67] |
| Residence (Urban) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Rural |
0.39*** [0.34,0.45] |
1.04 [0.76,1.42] |
||||
| Region (Grande agglomération de Lomé) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Maritime |
0.50*** [0.39,0.63] |
0.86 [0.47,1.54] |
0.98 [0.70,1.35] |
0.91 [0.49,1.69] |
||
| Plateaux |
0.38*** [0.31,0.46] |
0.49*** [0.33,0.74] |
0.78 [0.61,1.00] |
0.74* [0.55,0.99] |
0.50** [0.32,0.78] |
0.79 [0.60,1.04] |
| Centrale |
0.50*** [0.41,0.63] |
0.89 [0.59,1.33] |
0.96 [0.74,1.24] |
0.96 [0.70,1.32] |
0.91 [0.56,1.48] |
1.01 [0.72,1.42] |
| Kara |
0.40*** [0.32,0.50] |
0.73 [0.46,1.15] |
0.79 [0.61,1.02] |
0.89 [0.65,1.23] |
0.74 [0.44,1.25] |
0.94 [0.67,1.31] |
| Savanes |
0.28*** [0.23,0.34] |
0.80 [0.51,1.25] |
0.55*** [0.44,0.70] |
0.63** [0.45,0.88] |
0.95 [0.54,1.68] |
0.60* [0.42,0.86] |
| Health insurance (No) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes |
2.70*** [1.87,3.90] |
2.87*** [1.56,5.30] |
1.78* [1.09,2.89] |
1.52* [1.03,2.24] |
2.10* [1.10,4.00] |
1.19 [0.72,1.98] |
| Parity (1–2) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 3–4 |
0.80** [0.69,0.93] |
0.94 [0.72,1.24] |
0.82* [0.69,0.98] |
0.78** [0.65,0.94] |
0.94 [0.68,1.29] |
0.72** [0.58,0.90] |
| > 4 |
0.60*** [0.52,0.69] |
0.43*** [0.31,0.59] |
0.83* [0.70,0.98] |
0.76* [0.61,0.94] |
0.49*** [0.32,0.76] |
0.82 [0.64,1.07] |
| Last child wanted (No) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes |
1.16 [0.92,1.47] |
1.75** [1.19,2.57] |
1.08 [0.80,1.47] |
1.26 [0.98,1.64] |
1.44 [0.93,2.23] |
1.11 [0.80,1.53] |
| Currently employed (No) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes |
1.13 [0.96,1.32] |
1.20 [0.90,1.59] |
1.23* [1.01,1.50] |
1.31** [1.11,1.55] |
1.27 [0.93,1.73] |
1.35** [1.09,1.66] |
| Wealth index (Poorest) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Poorer |
1.24* [1.05,1.48] |
2.10 [0.38,11.59] |
1.24* [1.04,1.47] |
1.07 [0.89,1.30] |
1.54 [0.26,8.95] |
1.03 [0.85,1.25] |
| Middle |
1.33*** [1.12,1.58] |
2.01 [0.53,7.62] |
1.33*** [1.12,1.59] |
1.02 [0.83,1.25] |
1.89 [0.47,7.52] |
0.99 [0.80,1.22] |
| Richer |
2.70*** [2.24,3.26] |
4.30* [1.24,14.87] |
2.96*** [2.10,4.16] |
1.78*** [1.29,2.45] |
3.34 [0.90,12.36] |
1.77** [1.21,2.59] |
| Richest |
4.09*** [3.34,5.02] |
6.82** [1.97,23.60] |
1.70 [0.55,5.23] |
2.19*** [1.48,3.24] |
4.04* [1.07,15.24] |
0.83 [0.25,2.68] |
Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals in brackets. Level of significance = * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001