. 2023 Jul 25;20:109. doi: 10.1186/s12978-023-01644-6

Table 4.

Factors associated with healthcare facility for delivery in Togo

	Bivariate analysis (OR, 95%CI)	Multivariable analysis (OR, 95%CI)
Healthcare facility
Age groups (15–24)	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
25–34	1.01 [0.85,1.21]	0.91 [0.46,1.79]	0.91 [0.75,1.11]	1.48^** [1.15,1.91]	1.19 [0.53,2.64]	1.48^** [1.13,1.94]
35–49	0.67^*** [0.55,0.80]	0.75 [0.35,1.60]	0.68^*** [0.56,0.84]	1.59^** [1.16,2.18]	1.65 [0.58,4.67]	1.56^** [1.12,2.17]
Education (no education)	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Primary	2.66^*** [2.28,3.10]	2.05^** [1.19,3.53]	2.24^*** [1.89,2.64]	1.62^*** [1.34,1.96]	1.42 [0.75,2.67]	1.61^*** [1.32,1.97]
Secondary and higher	9.59^*** [7.38,12.46]	10.24^*** [4.22,24.88]	5.62^*** [4.23,7.46]	3.47^*** [2.55,4.73]	5.45^*** [2.02,14.77]	3.21^*** [2.32,4.46]
Religion (Christian)	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Muslim	0.90 [0.74,1.10]	0.30^*** [0.17,0.53]	1.11 [0.89,1.39]	1.36^* [1.07,1.74]	0.58 [0.29,1.15]	1.61^*** [1.24,2.10]
Indigenous beliefs	0.22^*** [0.19,0.26]	0.20^*** [0.09,0.42]	0.36^*** [0.30,0.42]	0.59^*** [0.49,0.71]	0.53 [0.22,1.30]	0.61^*** [0.50,0.75]
Ethnicity (Adja-ewe/Mina)	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Kabye/Tem	0.46^*** [0.37,0.56]	0.34^** [0.16,0.69]	0.68^*** [0.54,0.86]	0.73^* [0.55,0.97]	0.57 [0.24,1.31]	0.78 [0.57,1.06]
Akposso/Akebou	0.40^*** [0.27,0.58]	0.36 [0.08,1.64]	0.63^* [0.42,0.95]	0.58^* [0.38,0.90]	0.36 [0.07,1.74]	0.62^* [0.39,0.97]
Ana-ife	0.48^*** [0.31,0.75]	0.46 [0.06,3.64]	0.79 [0.49,1.27]	0.87 [0.52,1.45]	0.70 [0.08,5.95]	0.89 [0.53,1.52]
Para-gourma/Akan	0.21^*** [0.17,0.25]	0.26^*** [0.12,0.55]	0.34^*** [0.27,0.42]	0.59^*** [0.43,0.82]	0.43 [0.16,1.14]	0.62^** [0.44,0.88]
Other	0.26^*** [0.18,0.39]	0.13^** [0.03,0.48]	0.46^*** [0.30,0.70]	0.60^* [0.37,0.98]	0.28 [0.06,1.36]	0.61 [0.36,1.03]
Non-togolese	1.25 [0.78,2.00]	0.34^* [0.14,0.81]	1.06 [0.56,2.01]	0.74 [0.43,1.26]	0.48 [0.19,1.23]	1.06 [0.53,2.13]
Residence (Urban)	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Rural	0.09^*** [0.07,0.11]			0.93 [0.57,1.53]
Region (Grande agglomération de Lomé)	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Maritime	0.19^*** [0.11,0.30]			0.98 [0.51,1.86]
Plateaux	0.07^*** [0.05,0.11]	0.31^** [0.14,0.67]	0.39^*** [0.28,0.53]	0.39^** [0.21,0.72]	0.27^** [0.11,0.67]	0.42^*** [0.29,0.60]
Centrale	0.11^*** [0.07,1.18]	0.52 [0.22,1.23]	0.58^** [0.41,0.81]	0.63 [0.34,1.18]	1.11 [0.40,3.08]	0.62^* [0.41,0.95]
Kara	0.05^*** [0.03,0.08]	0.25^*** [0.12,0.54]	0.26^*** [0.19,0.36]	0.50^* [0.27,0.93]	0.48 [0.19,1.24]	0.51^** [0.34,0.78]
Savanes	0.04^*** [0.02,0.05]	0.24^*** [0.12,0.51]	0.20^*** [0.15,0.26]	0.62 [0.33,1.18]	0.88 [0.31,2.50]	0.64^* [0.41,0.99]
Health insurance (No)	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	6.45^*** [3.29,12.65]	4.98 [0.68,36.29]	4.35^*** [2.08,9.10]	2.36^* [1.12,4.94]	2.62 [0.33,20.80]	2.29^* [1.03,5.11]
Parity (1–2)	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
3–4	0.62^*** [0.52,0.74]	0.45^* [0.24,0.83]	0.70^*** [0.58,0.86]	0.68^** [0.53,0.88]	0.55 [0.26,1.16]	0.72^* [0.55,0.94]
> 4	0.31^*** [0.26,0.37]	0.26^*** [0.13,0.50]	0.46^*** [0.38,0.55]	0.62^*** [0.47,0.83]	0.44 [0.17,1.11]	0.66^** [0.49,0.88]
Last child wanted (No)	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	1.04 [0.79,1.36]	1.36 [0.61,3.06]	1.28 [0.94,1.74]
Currently employed (No)	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	0.62^*** [0.51,0.76]	1.94^* [1.12,3.35]	0.59^*** [0.47,0.74]	0.90 [0.71,1.14]	2.18^* [1.16,4.09]	0.78 [0.61,0.99]
Wealth index (Poorest)	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Poorer	2.12^*** [1.77,2.54]	1.52 [0.25,9.29]	2.13^*** [1.78,2.55]	1.60^*** [1.31,1.97]	1.01 [0.14,7.02]	1.62^*** [1.32,1.99]
Middle	4.68^*** [3.81,5.75]	3.11 [0.75,12.86]	4.66^*** [3.77,5.75]	2.67^*** [2.09,3.40]	2.29 [0.47,11.22]	2.70^*** [2.11,3.46]
Richer	19.80^*** [14.05,27.92]	11.09^*** [3.08,39.96]	22.41^*** [10.95,45.89]	6.75^*** [4.04,11.30]	5.96^* [1.31,27.21]	8.30^*** [3.95,17.44]
Richest	44.67^*** [27.29,73.12]	27.07^*** [7.20,101.80]	11.89^*** [1.54,91.70]	8.53^*** [4.06,17.92]	8.39^** [1.65,42.56]	2.04 [0.25,16.15]

Bivariate analysis (OR, 95%CI)

Multivariable analysis (OR, 95%CI)

Overall

Urban

Rural

Overall

Urban

Rural

Healthcare facility

Age groups (15–24)

Ref.

25–34

1.01

[0.85,1.21]

0.91

[0.46,1.79]

0.91

[0.75,1.11]

1.48^**

[1.15,1.91]

1.19

[0.53,2.64]

1.48^**

[1.13,1.94]

35–49

0.67^***

[0.55,0.80]

0.75

[0.35,1.60]

0.68^***

[0.56,0.84]

1.59^**

[1.16,2.18]

1.65

[0.58,4.67]

1.56^**

[1.12,2.17]

Education (no education)

Ref.

Primary

2.66^***

[2.28,3.10]

2.05^**

[1.19,3.53]

2.24^***

[1.89,2.64]

1.62^***

[1.34,1.96]

1.42

[0.75,2.67]

1.61^***

[1.32,1.97]

Secondary and higher

9.59^***

[7.38,12.46]

10.24^***

[4.22,24.88]

5.62^***

[4.23,7.46]

3.47^***

[2.55,4.73]

5.45^***

[2.02,14.77]

3.21^***

[2.32,4.46]

Religion (Christian)

Ref.

Muslim

0.90

[0.74,1.10]

0.30^***

[0.17,0.53]

1.11

[0.89,1.39]

1.36^*

[1.07,1.74]

0.58

[0.29,1.15]

1.61^***

[1.24,2.10]

Indigenous beliefs

0.22^***

[0.19,0.26]

0.20^***

[0.09,0.42]

0.36^***

[0.30,0.42]

0.59^***

[0.49,0.71]

0.53

[0.22,1.30]

0.61^***

[0.50,0.75]

Ethnicity (Adja-ewe/Mina)

Ref.

Kabye/Tem

0.46^***

[0.37,0.56]

0.34^**

[0.16,0.69]

0.68^***

[0.54,0.86]

0.73^*

[0.55,0.97]

0.57

[0.24,1.31]

0.78

[0.57,1.06]

Akposso/Akebou

0.40^***

[0.27,0.58]

0.36

[0.08,1.64]

0.63^*

[0.42,0.95]

0.58^*

[0.38,0.90]

0.36

[0.07,1.74]

0.62^*

[0.39,0.97]

Ana-ife

0.48^***

[0.31,0.75]

0.46

[0.06,3.64]

0.79

[0.49,1.27]

0.87

[0.52,1.45]

0.70

[0.08,5.95]

0.89

[0.53,1.52]

Para-gourma/Akan

0.21^***

[0.17,0.25]

0.26^***

[0.12,0.55]

0.34^***

[0.27,0.42]

0.59^***

[0.43,0.82]

0.43

[0.16,1.14]

0.62^**

[0.44,0.88]

Other

0.26^***

[0.18,0.39]

0.13^**

[0.03,0.48]

0.46^***

[0.30,0.70]

0.60^*

[0.37,0.98]

0.28

[0.06,1.36]

0.61

[0.36,1.03]

Non-togolese

1.25

[0.78,2.00]

0.34^*

[0.14,0.81]

1.06

[0.56,2.01]

0.74

[0.43,1.26]

0.48

[0.19,1.23]

1.06

[0.53,2.13]

Residence (Urban)

Ref.

Rural

0.09^***

[0.07,0.11]

0.93

[0.57,1.53]

Region (Grande agglomération de Lomé)

Ref.

Maritime

0.19^***

[0.11,0.30]

0.98

[0.51,1.86]

Plateaux

0.07^***

[0.05,0.11]

0.31^**

[0.14,0.67]

0.39^***

[0.28,0.53]

0.39^**

[0.21,0.72]

0.27^**

[0.11,0.67]

0.42^***

[0.29,0.60]

Centrale

0.11^***

[0.07,1.18]

0.52

[0.22,1.23]

0.58^**

[0.41,0.81]

0.63

[0.34,1.18]

1.11

[0.40,3.08]

0.62^*

[0.41,0.95]

Kara

0.05^***

[0.03,0.08]

0.25^***

[0.12,0.54]

0.26^***

[0.19,0.36]

0.50^*

[0.27,0.93]

0.48

[0.19,1.24]

0.51^**

[0.34,0.78]

Savanes

0.04^***

[0.02,0.05]

0.24^***

[0.12,0.51]

0.20^***

[0.15,0.26]

0.62

[0.33,1.18]

0.88

[0.31,2.50]

0.64^*

[0.41,0.99]

Health insurance (No)

Ref.

Yes

6.45^***

[3.29,12.65]

4.98

[0.68,36.29]

4.35^***

[2.08,9.10]

2.36^*

[1.12,4.94]

2.62

[0.33,20.80]

2.29^*

[1.03,5.11]

Parity (1–2)

Ref.

3–4

0.62^***

[0.52,0.74]

0.45^*

[0.24,0.83]

0.70^***

[0.58,0.86]

0.68^**

[0.53,0.88]

0.55

[0.26,1.16]

0.72^*

[0.55,0.94]

> 4

0.31^***

[0.26,0.37]

0.26^***

[0.13,0.50]

0.46^***

[0.38,0.55]

0.62^***

[0.47,0.83]

0.44

[0.17,1.11]

0.66^**

[0.49,0.88]

Last child wanted (No)

Ref.

Yes

1.04

[0.79,1.36]

1.36

[0.61,3.06]

1.28

[0.94,1.74]

Currently employed (No)

Ref.

Yes

0.62^***

[0.51,0.76]

1.94^*

[1.12,3.35]

0.59^***

[0.47,0.74]

0.90

[0.71,1.14]

2.18^*

[1.16,4.09]

0.78

[0.61,0.99]

Wealth index (Poorest)

Ref.

Poorer

2.12^***

[1.77,2.54]

1.52

[0.25,9.29]

2.13^***

[1.78,2.55]

1.60^***

[1.31,1.97]

1.01

[0.14,7.02]

1.62^***

[1.32,1.99]

Middle

4.68^***

[3.81,5.75]

3.11

[0.75,12.86]

4.66^***

[3.77,5.75]

2.67^***

[2.09,3.40]

2.29

[0.47,11.22]

2.70^***

[2.11,3.46]

Richer

19.80^***

[14.05,27.92]

11.09^***

[3.08,39.96]

22.41^***

[10.95,45.89]

6.75^***

[4.04,11.30]

5.96^*

[1.31,27.21]

8.30^***

[3.95,17.44]

Richest

44.67^***

[27.29,73.12]

27.07^***

[7.20,101.80]

11.89^***

[1.54,91.70]

8.53^***

[4.06,17.92]

8.39^**

[1.65,42.56]

2.04

[0.25,16.15]

Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals in brackets. Level of significance = ^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001