Skip to main content
. 2023 Jul 25;16:80. doi: 10.1186/s13045-023-01478-6

Table 2.

Metabolites in macrophage metabolic reprogramming

Metabolites Changes Changes in macrophage polarization Functions in environment
Glucose Increased in M1; Decreased in M2
Pyruvate Increased M2
Lactate Increased M2 Tumour-promoting
Cholesterol Decreased M2 Tumour-promoting
Triglyceride Decreased M2 Tumour-promoting
Diglyceride Increased M2 Tumour-promoting
Free fatty acid Increased M2 Tumour-promoting
α-ketoglutarate Increased M2 Immunosuppressive
Succinate Increased M1
Citrate Increased M1
Itaconate Increased M1