. 2023 Jul 25;25:128. doi: 10.1186/s13075-023-03098-4

Table 2.

Baseline demographic and disease characteristics of the RCTs

Author	Sex, male (%)	Age range, years, mean (SD)	Disease duration, years, mean (SD)	Number of GFs, mean (SD)	Presence of tophi, %	Reason for prescribing IL-1β inhibitors
CAN (N = 4)
Schlesinger et al., 2011a [20]	CAN: 82.8%‒100.0% TA: 96.5%	CAN: 49.9 (11.1) to 54.9 (10.8) TA: 52.4 (11.6)	NR	Previous year: CAN: 3.9 (2.6) to 6.8 (8.1) TA: 6.5 (9.9)	NR	NR
Schlesinger et al., 2011b [21]	CAN 25‒300 mg: 88.9%‒100.0% CAN q4wk: 92.5% CLC: 93.5%	CAN 25‒300 mg: 50.7 (9.7) to 54.4 (12.2) CAN q4wk: 52.8 (10.4) CLC: 52.4 (10.7)	> 10-years, N (%): CAN 25‒300 mg: 15 (27.8) to 24 (43.6) CAN q4wk: 18 (34.0) CLC: 33 (30.6)	Previous year: CAN 25‒300 mg: 3.6 (2.3) to 4.7 (4.5) CAN q4wk: 4.4 (4.1) CLC: 4.3 (3.8)	NR	NR
Schlesinger et al., 2012 [19]	CAN: 89.3% TA: 93.0%	CAN: 52.3 (11.8) TA: 53.6 (11.5)	> 10-years, N (%): CAN: 69 (30.7) TA: 96 (41.9)	Previous year: CAN: 6.5 (5.6) TA: 6.5 (4.8)	CAN: 28.4% TA: 29.7%	Having contraindications for, intolerance of, or unresponsiveness to NSAIDs and/or CLC
ANK (N = 2)
Janssen et al., 2019 [16]	TaU: 93.3% ANK: 95.3%	TaU: 59.9 (12.7) ANK: 63.4 (12.9)	NR	NR	NR	NR
Saag et al., 2021 [18]	TA: 87.3% ANK: 85.7%‒87.0%	Median (range): TA: 56.0 (30‒83) ANK: 53.5 (25‒79) to 54.0 (27‒78)	TA: 7.7 (7.6) ANK: 8.6 (7.7) to 9.7 (8.8)	Previous year: TA: 4.4 (2.0) ANK: 4.4 (1.7) to 4.6 (3.4)	TA: 38.2% ANK: 30.4%‒38.9%	Patients had to have non-responsiveness to NSAIDs and CLC or were contraindicated to them
RL (N = 5)
Mitha et al., 2013 [17]	PBO: 93.9% RL: 91.7%‒93.9%	PBO: 51.7 (12.9) RL: 49.0 (11.8) to 52.6 (11.5)	PBO: 9.6 (8.8) RL: 8.7 (7.0) to 12.6 (10.3)	P/Y: PBO: 7.1 (6.9) RL: 6.8 (5.4) to 7.0 (5.7)	PBO: 22.0% RL: 25.0%‒25.6%	NR
Schumacher et al., 2012a [23]	PBO: 95.2% RL: 97.6%	PBO: 50.1 (11.6) RL: 51.9 (10.6)	PBO: 8.6 (7.0) RL: 10.7 (9.1)	Previous year: PBO: 4.4 (4.0) RL: 4.7 (3.2)	PBO: 14.3% RL: 4.9%	NR
Schumacher et al., 2012b [22]	PBO: 96.2% RL: 88.8%‒93.8%	PBO: 52.2 (13.6) RL: 51.9 (11.6) to 52.9 (12.5)	PBO: 11.2 (9.4) RL: 9.1 (8.3) to 10.0 (8.3)	P/Y: PBO: 4.6 (3.6) RL: 4.5 (3.6) to 4.6 (2.9)	PBO: 10.1% RL: 9.9%‒12.5%	NR
Sundy et al., 2014 [24]	PBO: 90.0% RL: 87.0%	PBO: 52.4 (10.6) RL: 52.8 (11.5)	PBO: 10.6 (8.4) RL: 10.7 (9.6)	P/Y: PBO: 6.1 (7.2) RL: 6.0 (6.3)	PBO: 30.9% RL: 28.3%	NR
Terkeltaub et al., 2013 [25]	PBO + IND: 94.7% RL + IND: 95.9% RL + PBO: 91.8%	PBO + IND: 51.3 (10.9) RL + IND: 48.6 (10.0) RL + PBO: 51.0 (10.8)	PBO + IND: 8.8 (6.7) RL + IND: 11.0 (7.9) RL + PBO: 10.2 (9.9)	P/Y: PBO + IND: 4.8 (5.2) RL + IND: 5.5 (5.3) RL + PBO: 5.2 (4.8)	PBO + IND: 13.3% RL + IND: 16.2% RL + PBO: 17.8%	NR

Author

Sex, male (%)

Age range, years, mean (SD)

Disease duration, years, mean (SD)

Number of GFs, mean (SD)

Presence of tophi, %

Reason for prescribing IL-1β inhibitors

CAN (N = 4)

Schlesinger et al., 2011a [20]

CAN: 82.8%‒100.0%

TA: 96.5%

CAN: 49.9 (11.1) to 54.9 (10.8)

TA: 52.4 (11.6)

Previous year:

CAN: 3.9 (2.6) to 6.8 (8.1)

TA: 6.5 (9.9)

Schlesinger et al., 2011b [21]

CAN 25‒300 mg: 88.9%‒100.0%

CAN q4wk: 92.5%

CLC: 93.5%

CAN 25‒300 mg: 50.7 (9.7) to 54.4 (12.2)

CAN q4wk: 52.8 (10.4)

CLC: 52.4 (10.7)

> 10-years, N (%):

CAN 25‒300 mg: 15 (27.8) to 24 (43.6)

CAN q4wk: 18 (34.0)

CLC: 33 (30.6)

Previous year:

CAN 25‒300 mg: 3.6 (2.3) to 4.7 (4.5)

CAN q4wk: 4.4 (4.1)

CLC: 4.3 (3.8)

Schlesinger et al., 2012 [19]

CAN: 89.3%

TA: 93.0%

CAN: 52.3 (11.8)

TA: 53.6 (11.5)

> 10-years, N (%):

CAN: 69 (30.7)

TA: 96 (41.9)

Previous year:

CAN: 6.5 (5.6)

TA: 6.5 (4.8)

CAN: 28.4%

TA: 29.7%

Having contraindications for, intolerance of, or unresponsiveness to NSAIDs and/or CLC

ANK (N = 2)

Janssen et al., 2019 [16]

TaU: 93.3%

ANK: 95.3%

TaU: 59.9 (12.7)

ANK: 63.4 (12.9)

Saag et al., 2021 [18]

TA: 87.3%

ANK: 85.7%‒87.0%

Median (range):

TA: 56.0 (30‒83)

ANK: 53.5 (25‒79) to 54.0 (27‒78)

TA: 7.7 (7.6)

ANK: 8.6 (7.7) to 9.7 (8.8)

Previous year:

TA: 4.4 (2.0)

ANK: 4.4 (1.7) to 4.6 (3.4)

TA: 38.2%

ANK: 30.4%‒38.9%

Patients had to have non-responsiveness to NSAIDs and CLC or were contraindicated to them

RL (N = 5)

Mitha et al., 2013 [17]

PBO: 93.9%

RL: 91.7%‒93.9%

PBO: 51.7 (12.9)

RL: 49.0 (11.8) to 52.6 (11.5)

PBO: 9.6 (8.8)

RL: 8.7 (7.0) to 12.6 (10.3)

P/Y:

PBO: 7.1 (6.9)

RL: 6.8 (5.4) to 7.0 (5.7)

PBO: 22.0%

RL: 25.0%‒25.6%

Schumacher et al., 2012a [23]

PBO: 95.2%

RL: 97.6%

PBO: 50.1 (11.6)

RL: 51.9 (10.6)

PBO: 8.6 (7.0)

RL: 10.7 (9.1)

Previous year:

PBO: 4.4 (4.0)

RL: 4.7 (3.2)

PBO: 14.3%

RL: 4.9%

Schumacher et al., 2012b [22]

PBO: 96.2%

RL: 88.8%‒93.8%

PBO: 52.2 (13.6)

RL: 51.9 (11.6) to 52.9 (12.5)

PBO: 11.2 (9.4)

RL: 9.1 (8.3) to 10.0 (8.3)

P/Y:

PBO: 4.6 (3.6)

RL: 4.5 (3.6) to 4.6 (2.9)

PBO: 10.1%

RL: 9.9%‒12.5%

Sundy et al., 2014 [24]

PBO: 90.0%

RL: 87.0%

PBO: 52.4 (10.6)

RL: 52.8 (11.5)

PBO: 10.6 (8.4)

RL: 10.7 (9.6)

P/Y:

PBO: 6.1 (7.2)

RL: 6.0 (6.3)

PBO: 30.9%

RL: 28.3%

Terkeltaub et al., 2013 [25]

PBO + IND: 94.7%

RL + IND: 95.9%

RL + PBO: 91.8%

PBO + IND: 51.3 (10.9)

RL + IND: 48.6 (10.0)

RL + PBO: 51.0 (10.8)

PBO + IND: 8.8 (6.7)

RL + IND: 11.0 (7.9)

RL + PBO: 10.2 (9.9)

P/Y:

PBO + IND: 4.8 (5.2)

RL + IND: 5.5 (5.3)

RL + PBO: 5.2 (4.8)

PBO + IND: 13.3%

RL + IND: 16.2%

RL + PBO: 17.8%

ANK anakinra, CAN canakinumab, CLC colchicine, GF gout flare, h hour(s), IND indomethacin, N number of studies, NR not reported, PBO placebo, P/Y per year, q4wk every four weeks, RCT randomised controlled trial, RL rilonacept, SD standard deviation, TA triamcinolone acetonide, TaU treatment as usual