Table 2.

Baseline regression and robustness tests

Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	Probit	Probit	Probit	Logit
UPHES	0.105***	0.058**	0.046*	0.107**
	(0.018)	(0.023)	(0.024)	(0.047)
Age		− 0.060***	− 0.060***	− 0.119***
		(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.003)
Edu		− 0.034	− 0.037*	− 0.053
		(0.022)	(0.022)	(0.043)
Party_member		− 0.000	0.006	0.008
		(0.039)	(0.039)	(0.074)
Work		− 0.454***	− 0.480***	− 0.960***
		(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.040)
Marital		− 0.551***	− 0.568***	− 1.042***
		(0.048)	(0.048)	(0.096)
Insurance		0.075***	0.063**	0.130***
		(0.026)	(0.026)	(0.050)
Child		− 1.039***	− 1.086***	− 2.116***
		(0.016)	(0.016)	(0.031)
Spo_edu		0.040*	0.031	0.055
		(0.021)	(0.022)	(0.043)
Age_gap		− 0.029	− 0.019	− 0.030
		(0.029)	(0.029)	(0.057)
Ethnic		0.119***	0.077***	0.105*
		(0.026)	(0.028)	(0.054)
Income		0.090***	0.070***	0.155***
		(0.018)	(0.019)	(0.037)
House_exp		0.062	0.078	0.112
		(0.058)	(0.059)	(0.119)
Range_move		− 0.095***	− 0.110***	− 0.226***
		(0.017)	(0.021)	(0.041)
Time_move		0.002	0.004*	0.008*
		(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.004)
Provincial effect	No	No	Yes	Yes
Constant	− 1.670***	1.465***	1.610***	3.131***
	(0.017)	(0.174)	(0.195)	(0.381)
Observations	90,279	90,279	90,279	90,279

① Values in parentheses represent robust standard deviations; ② ***, **, and * denote 1%, 5%, and 10% significance levels, respectively, as in the later section