Fig. 8.

Leptin concentration and M1 macrophage polarization in obese and nonobese patients with asthma. a The level of leptin in the serum of OA patients (n = 14) and NOA patients (n = 25). b Representative macrophage gating strategy for the induced sputum of OA and NOA subjects. c Bar graph showing the number of M1 macrophages (CD11c⁺CD86⁺) in the induced sputum of OA and NOA subjects. d Bar graph showing the number of M2 macrophages (CD68⁺CD163⁺) in the induced sputum of OA and NOA subjects. e Correlation between serum leptin and M1 macrophage levels in induced sputum. The data are expressed as the means ± SDs. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001