Table 2.
Means and Standard Deviations for Each Condition.
| Sport/condition | Preadolescents (n = 92) | Adolescents (n = 82) | Young Adults (n = 181) | Middle-Aged Adults (n = 189) | Older Aged Adults (n = 92) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basketball | ||||||||||
| World-class/amateur by gender of respondent | Wf | Wm | Wf | Wm | Wf | Wm | Wf | Wm | Wf | Wm |
| M = 2.74 | M = 2.48 | M = 2.63 | M = 2.86 | M = 2.77 | M = 2.77 | M = 2.84 | M = 2.73 | M = 2.88 | M = 2.91 | |
| SD = 0.66 | SD = 0.67 | SD = 0.54 | SD = 0.64 | SD = 0.46 | SD = 0.46 | SD = 0.49 | SD = 0.36 | SD = 0.46 | SD = 0.57 | |
| Af | Am | Af | Am | Af | AM | Af | Am | Af | Am | |
| M = 2.21 | M = 2.16 | M = 2.44 | M = 2.56 | M = 2.64 | M = 2.57 | M = 2.84 | M = 2.91 | M = 2.80 | M = 2.91 | |
| SD = 0.57 | SD = 0.63 | SD = 0.57 | SD = 0.52 | SD = 0.47 | SD = 0.48 | SD = 0.41 | SD = 0.34 | SD = 0.43 | SD = 0.41 | |
| Women/men by gender of respondent | Ff | Fm | Ff | Fm | Ff | Fm | Ff | Fm | Ff | Fm |
| M = 2.89 | M = 2.46 | M = 2.80 | M = 2.79 | M = 2.94 | M = 2.76 | M = 2.70 | M = 2.71 | M = 3.00 | M = 3.13 | |
| SD = 0.67 | SD = 0.75 | SD = 0.64 | SD = 0.49 | SD = 0.47 | SD = 0.46 | SD = 0.53 | SD = 0.44 | SD = 2.42 | SD = 0.53 | |
| Mf | Mm | Mf | Mm | Mf | Mm | Mf | Mm | Mf | Mm | |
| M = 2.06 | M = 2.18 | M = 2.27 | M = 2.62 | M = 2.46 | M = 2.58 | M = 2.98 | M = 2.93 | M = 2.69 | M = 2.72 | |
| SD = 0.54 | SD = 0.66 | SD = 0.52 | SD = 0.73 | SD = 0.47 | SD = 0.54 | SD = 0.39 | SD = 0.33 | SD = 0.50 | SD = 0.50 | |
| Women/men by world/class amateur | FW | FA | FW | FA | FW | FA | FW | FA | FW | FA |
| M = 2.94 | M = 2.40 | M = 3.00 | M = 2.60 | M = 2.96 | M = 2.71 | M = 2.81 | M = 2.59 | M = 3.10 | M = 3.02 | |
| SD = 0.84 | SD = 0.74 | SD = 0.61 | SD = 0.59 | SD = 0.52 | SD = 0.52 | SD = 0.61 | SD = 0.51 | SD = 0.56 | SD = 0.52 | |
| MW | MA | MW | MA | MW | MA | MW | MA | MW | MA | |
| M = 2.27 | M = 1.98 | M = 2.50 | M = 2.40 | M = 2.58 | M = 2.49 | M = 2.76 | M = 3.16 | M = 2.70 | M = 2.70 | |
| SD = 0.71 | SD = 0.63 | SD = 0.74 | SD = 0.64 | SD = 0.57 | SD = 0.55 | SD = 0.44 | SD = 0.43 | SD = 0.62 | SD = 0.54 | |
| Tennis | ||||||||||
| World-class/amateur by gender of respondent | Wf | Wm | Wf | Wm | Wf | Wm | Wf | Wm | Wf | Wm |
| M = 2.97 | M = 2.76 | M = 2.77 | M = 2.94 | M = 2.99 | M = 3.12 | M = 2.86 | M = 2.78 | M = 3.35 | M = 3.14 | |
| SD = 0.60 | SD = 0.71 | SD = 0.51 | SD = 0.50 | SD = 0.45 | SD = 0.43 | SD = 0.41 | SD = 0.37 | SD = 0.44 | SD = 0.44 | |
| Af | Am | Af | Am | Af | Am | Af | Am | Af | Am | |
| M = 2.60 | M = 2.45 | M = 2.47 | M = 2.50 | M = 2.70 | M = 2.70 | M = 3.03 | M = 2.85 | M = 2.92 | M = 3.12 | |
| SD = 0.68 | SD = 0.67 | SD = 0.48 | SD = 0.46 | SD = 0.42 | SD = 0.41 | SD = 0.39 | SD = 0.35 | SD = 0.46 | SD = 0.53 | |
| Women/men by gender of respondent | Ff | Fm | Ff | Fm | Ff | Fm | Ff | Fm | Ff | Fm |
| M = 3.17 | M = 2.74 | M = 2.85 | M = 2.94 | M = 3.06 | M = 3.11 | M = 3.14 | M = 3.05 | M = 3.23 | M = 3.63 | |
| SD = 0.71 | SD = 0.75 | SD = 0.60 | SD = 0.39 | SD = 0.41 | SD = 0.39 | SD = 0.47 | SD = 0.40 | SD = 0.47 | SD = 0.60 | |
| Mf | Mm | Mf | Mm | Mf | Mm | Mf | Mm | Mf | Mm | |
| M = 2.39 | M = 2.46 | M = 2.34 | M = 2.50 | M = 2.63 | M = 2.72 | M = 2.74 | M = 2.58 | M = 3.04 | M = 2.90 | |
| SD = 0.65 | SD = 0.78 | SD = 0.45 | SD = 0.64 | SD = 0.48 | SD = 0.51 | SD = 0.41 | SD = 0.37 | SD = 0.46 | SD = 0.58 | |
| Women/men by world-class/amateur | FW | FA | FW | FA | FW | FA | FW | FA | FW | FA |
| M = 3.31 | M = 2.58 | M = 3.35 | M = 2.44 | M = 3.46 | M = 2.72 | M = 2.95 | M = 3.25 | M = 3.71 | M = 3.15 | |
| SD = 0.86 | SD = 0.78 | SD = 0.57 | SD = 0.54 | SD = 0.49 | SD = 0.45 | SD = 0.47 | SD = 0.67 | SD = 0.58 | SD = 0.65 | |
| MW | MA | MW | MA | MW | MA | MW | MA | MW | MA | |
| M = 2.41 | M = 2.45 | M = 2.36 | M = 2.49 | M = 2.68 | M = 2.69 | M = 2.69 | M = 2.64 | M = 3.05 | M = 2.89 | |
| SD = 0.72 | SD = 0.79 | SD = 0.61 | SD = 0.56 | SD = 0.57 | SD = 0.53 | SD = 0.44 | SD = 0.43 | SD = 0.57 | SD = 0.59 | |
Note. W = world-class; A = amateur; F = women target; M = male target; f = female respondent; m = male respondent.