Table 2.

Inflammatory bowel disease maintenance therapies during pregnancy and lactation^{[187,196,200]}

Laboratory Values	Endoscopy	Radiology imaging	Surgery	Medication
Standard IBD laboratory values chacked	Perform for strong indications:	MRI and CT have similar diagnostics accuracy for assessing IBD	Surgery intervention may be needed:	Mange similar to nonpregnant IBD Patients
Trends for CRP and ESR may be helpful Posibly elevared	-Determining IBD disease activity	Gadolinium should be avoided in pregnancy	- Acute refractory colitis - Perforation	Exceptions: -Thiopurine-naïve patients avoid first start in pregnancy due to concerns for distinctive rare adverse reactions
Fecal calprotectin	-When results will change management	The cumulative radiation exposure of a single CT scan (about 50 mGy) is below the level of concern	-Abscess -Severe hemorrhage	Methotrexate contraindicated
Serum drug concentration	Flexible sigmoidoscopy is preferred oner pancolonoscopy when possible; can be performed unsedated, and in any trimester	Ultrasound, where available is appropriate for terminal ileal disease	-Bowel obstruction	Tofacitinib: avoid due to limited human data
Posibly elevared ESR CRP
Alkaline phosphatase (elevated in lactation)
Reduced in pregnancy Hemoglobin Albumin

Abbreviation: Anti-TNFα, tumor-necrosis factor-α