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. 2023 Jul 3;19(11):3472–3482. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.84353

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The graphic image of this review. The regulation of IGF/IGF-1R pathway in DRG and spinal cord has obvious effect on pain. The IGF/IGF-1R regulates pain by acting on neuronal excitability, neuroinflammation, glial cells, apoptosis, etc.