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. 2023 Jul 9;19(11):3499–3525. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.77720

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Combination of photothermal therapy and chemotherapy based on gamabufotalin and indomethacin. (A) A scheme showing the suppression of PTT-induced inflammatory response and chemotherapeutic sensitization effect by gamabufotalin and indomethacin via COX-2/PGE2 pathway. (B) The combination therapy down-regulated the PTT-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) of Hela cells. (C) The combined treatment inhibited the COX-2/PGE2 pathway and IKK/NF-κB pathway, and decreased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio in Hela cells. (D) The in vivo synergistic tumor inhibition by the combined treatment. Reproduced from ¹⁴⁸ with permission from Elsevier.