Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the four groups.
| Variables | Total | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1144 | 283 | 295 | 278 | 288 | |
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 66.0 (54.0, 74.0) | 69.0 (56.0, 75.0) | 66.0 (55.5, 73.0) | 65.0 (54.2, 73.0) | 63.0 (52.0, 72.0) | 0.002 |
| Male, yes (%) | 705 (61.6) | 173 (61.1) | 172 (58.3) | 170 (61.2) | 190 (66) | 0.292 |
| BMI, (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 23.6 (20.9, 26.2) | 23.5 (20.7, 25.9) | 23.7 (21.1, 26.5) | 23.4 (20.9, 26.1) | 23.7 (20.9, 26.5) | 0.725 |
| SBP, (mmHg), median (IQR) | 110.0 (97.0, 125.0) | 92.0 (86.0, 100.0) | 106.0 (99.0, 114.5) | 113.0 (104.0, 122.0) | 134.0 (122.8, 145.0) | < 0.001 |
| DBP, (mmHg), median (IQR) | 60.0 (50.0, 70.0) | 45.0 (40.0, 50.0) | 55.0 (51.0, 61.0) | 65.0 (59.0, 69.0) | 75.0 (69.0, 82.0) | < 0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction, yes (%) | 112 (9.8) | 26 (9.2) | 33 (11.2) | 25 (9) | 28 (9.7) | 0.809 |
| Heart failure, yes (%) | 186 (16.3) | 48 (17) | 43 (14.6) | 51 (18.3) | 44 (15.3) | 0.613 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, yes (%) | 114 (10.0) | 16 (5.7) | 29 (9.8) | 32 (11.5) | 37 (12.8) | 0.031 |
| PVD, yes (%) | 46 (4.0) | 10 (3.5) | 12 (4.1) | 11 (4) | 13 (4.5) | 0.948 |
| Dementia, yes (%) | 42 (3.7) | 14 (4.9) | 6 (2) | 10 (3.6) | 12 (4.2) | 0.291 |
| Diabetes mellitus, yes (%) | 398 (34.8) | 92 (32.5) | 108 (36.6) | 93 (33.5) | 105 (36.5) | 0.642 |
| Hypertension, yes (%) | 601 (52.5) | 144 (50.9) | 146 (49.5) | 148 (53.2) | 163 (56.6) | 0.339 |
| MV (%) | 898 (78.6) | 237 (84) | 232 (78.6) | 212 (76.3) | 217 (75.3) | 0.053 |
| COPD, yes (%) | 80 (7.0) | 19 (6.7) | 18 (6.1) | 18 (6.5) | 25 (8.7) | 0.621 |
| Cause of CRRT, n (%) | 0.011 | |||||
| Volume overload | 160 (14.0) | 47 (16.6) | 39 (13.2) | 37 (13.3) | 37 (12.8) | |
| Metabolic acidosis | 242 (21.2) | 68 (24) | 60 (20.3) | 56 (20.1) | 58 (20.1) | |
| Hyperkalemia | 58 (5.1) | 13 (4.6) | 22 (7.5) | 11 (4) | 12 (4.2) | |
| Uremia | 115 (10.1) | 19 (6.7) | 35 (11.9) | 26 (9.4) | 35 (12.2) | |
| Oliguria | 294 (25.7) | 60 (21.2) | 69 (23.4) | 96 (34.5) | 69 (24) | |
| Others | 275 (24.0) | 76 (26.9) | 70 (23.7) | 52 (18.7) | 77 (26.7) | |
| AKIN stages, n (%) | 0.095 | |||||
| Stage 2 | 298 (26.0) | 58 (20.5) | 81 (27.5) | 81 (29.1) | 78 (27.1) | |
| Stage 3 | 846 (74.0) | 225 (79.5) | 214 (72.5) | 197 (70.9) | 210 (72.9) | |
| Cause of AKI, n (%) | 0.536 | |||||
| Sepsis | 798 (69.8) | 191 (67.5) | 206 (69.8) | 202 (72.7) | 199 (69.1) | |
| Nephrotoxin | 37 (3.2) | 6 (2.1) | 9 (3.1) | 8 (2.9) | 14 (4.9) | |
| Ischemia | 98 (8.6) | 29 (10.2) | 28 (9.5) | 15 (5.4) | 26 (9) | |
| Surgery | 94 (8.2) | 28 (9.9) | 20 (6.8) | 24 (8.6) | 22 (7.6) | |
| Others | 117 (10.2) | 29 (10.2) | 32 (10.8) | 29 (10.4) | 27 (9.4) | |
| Potassium (mEq/L), median (IQR) | 4.5 (4.0, 5.3) | 4.5 (4.1, 5.3) | 4.6 (3.9, 5.3) | 4.5 (3.9, 5.2) | 4.5 (4.0, 5.2) | 0.649 |
| Phosphate (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 5.4 (4.0, 7.0) | 5.4 (4.0, 7.2) | 5.5 (4.0, 7.3) | 5.5 (4.2, 6.9) | 5.4 (3.9, 6.6) | 0.637 |
| CCI, median (IQR) | 3.0 (2.0, 5.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 5.0) | 2.0 (2.0, 5.0) | 3.0 (2.0, 5.0) | 3.0 (2.0, 5.0) | 0.272 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL), median (IQR) | 9.3 (8.2, 10.7) | 9.1 (8.0, 10.6) | 9.3 (8.2, 10.4) | 9.3 (8.2, 10.7) | 9.7 (8.4, 11.2) | 0.017 |
| White blood cell (μL) | 11660 (6452, 18645) | 13130 (7275, 20455) | 11095 (6415, 17347) | 10695 (5632, 17245) | 12300 (6545, 18990) | 0.093 |
| BUN (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 49.0 (33.0, 73.0) | 45.0 (31.0, 71.0) | 51.0 (33.5, 75.0) | 51.5 (35.0, 73.0) | 51.0 (35.0, 73.8) | 0.252 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 2.4 (1.6, 3.4) | 2.2 (1.6, 3.5) | 2.4 (1.7, 3.2) | 2.4 (1.6, 3.4) | 2.5 (1.7, 3.6) | 0.429 |
| Albumin (g/dL), median (IQR) | 2.6 (2.2, 3.0) | 2.6 (2.2, 3.0) | 2.6 (2.2, 2.9) | 2.6 (2.2, 3.0) | 2.6 (2.2, 3.0) | 0.613 |
| CRP (mg/L), median (IQR) | 78.7 (21.0, 170.8) | 81.8 (26.9, 171.5) | 87.8 (20.8, 189.6) | 80.3 (19.5, 175.4) | 64.8 (18.2, 146.0) | 0.298 |
| eGFR, median (IQR) | 26.3 (17.1, 39.0) | 28.8 (17.9, 41.3) | 26.4 (17.3, 36.5) | 25.5 (17.2, 39.9) | 25.2 (16.0, 39.2) | 0.382 |
| APACHE II score, median (IQR) | 28.0 (22.0, 33.0) | 29.0 (24.0, 35.0) | 28.0 (22.0, 33.0) | 26.5 (21.0, 33.0) | 27.0 (21.0, 31.0) | < 0.001 |
| SOFA score, median (IQR) | 12.0 (10.0, 14.0) | 13.0 (10.0, 15.0) | 12.0 (10.0, 15.0) | 12.0 (9.0, 14.0) | 12.0 (10.0, 14.0) | 0.011 |
| CRRT dose, median (IQR) | 36.7 (34.0, 39.5) | 36.5 (33.6, 39.6) | 36.4 (34.0, 39.2) | 37.0 (34.0, 39.6) | 36.9 (34.5, 39.7) | 0.365 |
Quartile 1: MAP < 67.3 mmHg; Quartile 2: 67.3 ≤ MAP < 76.7 mmHg; Quartile 3: 76.7 ≤ MAP < 86.3 mmHg; Quartile 4: MAP ≥ 86.3 mmHg.
MAP: Mean arterial pressure; BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; PVD: Peripheral vascular disease; MV: Mechanical ventilation; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AKIN: Acute kidney injury criteria; AKI: Acute kidney injury; CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; CRP: C-reactive protein; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; SOFA score: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score; CRRT: Continuous renal replacement therapy.