Table 2.
Percentage of PRAMS respondents with gestational diabetes by pre-pregnancy, prenatal, and socio-demographic characteristics, and adjusted odds ratios from multiple logistic regression estimating the association between factors and gestational diabetes in most recent pregnancy, 2018-2019, stratified by race/ethnicity (Alaska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Washington)
| American Indian/Alaska Native |
non-Hispanic White | Non-Hispanic Black | Hispanic | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-pregnancy factors | % | aOR (95% CI) | % | aOR (95% CI) | % | aOR (95% CI) | % | aOR (95% CI) | ||||||||
| BMI category | ||||||||||||||||
| Normal or underweight | 5.7 | *** | ref | 4.7 | *** | ref | 4.9 | ** | ref | 6.4 | *** | ref | ||||
| Overweight | 12.5 | 2.11 (1.46-3.06) | *** | 7.9 | 1.63 (1.11-2.38) | * | 8.6 | 1.64 (0.89-3.01) | 13.9 | 2.17 (1.35-3.49) | ** | |||||
| Obese | 17.8 | 3.02 (2.18-4.18) | *** | 16.2 | 4.09 (2.95-5.69) | *** | 11.8 | 1.90 (1.08-3.36) | * | 18.4 | 2.93 (1.82-4.70) | *** | ||||
| Depression | 12.8 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 14.3 | ||||||||||||
| Anxiety | 18.3 | 9 | 6.6 | 14.2 | ||||||||||||
| Smoking | 13.3 | 11.6 | ** | 1.86 (1.29-2.69) | ** | 7.9 | 11.3 | |||||||||
| Past year IPV | 12.3 | 11.2 | 7.3 | 14.7 | ||||||||||||
| Number of prenatal visits | ||||||||||||||||
| <=8 visits | 13.6 | 6.8 | # | 4.3 | ** | ref | 10.3 | |||||||||
| 9-11 visits | 10.1 | 7.4 | 9 | 2.41 (1.20-4.84) | * | 11 | ||||||||||
| 12 or more visits | 12.2 | 9.4 | 10.9 | 2.90 (1.45-5.79) | ** | 13.7 | ||||||||||
| Pregnancy Intendedness | ||||||||||||||||
| Unintended | 13.6 | 8 | 8.4 | 11.8 | ||||||||||||
| Intended | 10.9 | 8.6 | 10.5 | 13.2 | ||||||||||||
| Not sure | 12.1 | 8.6 | 6.6 | 11 | ||||||||||||
| Stressors during pregnancy | ||||||||||||||||
| Experienced IPV | 7.6 | 8.5 | 5.3 | 5.4 | # | |||||||||||
| Age | ||||||||||||||||
| <19 years old | 5.4 | *** | ref | 1.6 | *** | ref | 1.7 | *** | ref | 2.5 | *** | ref | ||||
| 20-24 years | 6.4 | 1.14 (0.57-2.26) | 5.7 | 2.57 (0.58-11.42) | 5 | 3.07 (0.41-23.06) | 8.1 | 3.32 (1.33-8.25) | * | |||||||
| 25-29 years | 13.0 | 2.30 (1.17-4.50) | * | 6.9 | 2.85 (0.65-12.39) | 8.3 | 5.69 (0.79-40.79) | # | 11.3 | 5.15 (2.15-12.37) | *** | |||||
| 30-34 years | 17.4 | 3.36 (1.69-6.69) | ** | 9.6 | 4.37 (0.65-12.39) | * | 8.6 | 4.49 (0.61-33.04) | 13.4 | 5.72 (2.38-13.73) | *** | |||||
| 35 years and older | 22.3 | 4.67 (2.22-9.81) | *** | 13.8 | 7.06 (1.62-30.73) | ** | 16.4 | 10.05 (1.37-73.38) | * | 23.2 | 10.70 (4.43-25.85) | *** | ||||
| Education | ||||||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 10.4 | * | ref | 7.4 | 6 | 14.7 | ||||||||||
| High school graduate | 13.2 | 0.91 (0.64-1.30) | 8.5 | 7 | 11.4 | |||||||||||
| Some college | 13.4 | 0.85 (0.58-1.24) | 9 | 9.7 | 11 | |||||||||||
| College or more | 7.5 | 0.33 (0.19-0.59) | *** | 8 | 10.4 | 10.3 | ||||||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||||||
| Married | 15.0 | ** | 1.35 (1.02-1.79) | * | 9.3 | * | 1.60 (1.07-2.38) | 11.2 | ** | 1.37 (0.84-2.23) | 13.7 | |||||
| Not married | 10.7 | ref | 6.4 | ref | 6.3 | ref | 10.8 | |||||||||
| Parity | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 7.9 | *** | 7.8 | 8.4 | 12.3 | |||||||||||
| 2-Jan | 12.5 | 8.4 | 9 | 12.2 | ||||||||||||
| 3 or more | 17.4 | 10.7 | 7.9 | 12.8 | ||||||||||||
| % of Federal Poverty Level | ||||||||||||||||
| 0-99% FPL | 12.4 | 7 | 6.5 | * | ref | 11.4 | ||||||||||
| 100-199% FPL | 13.6 | 8.9 | 12.1 | 1.43 (0.83-2.43) | 12.9 | |||||||||||
| 200% or more FPL | 11.5 | 9.2 | 10.7 | 0.91 (0.48-1.73) | 15.1 | |||||||||||
| Received WIC during pregnancy | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 11.8 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 12.2 | ||||||||||||
| No | 12.2 | 8.9 | 9.7 | 12 | ||||||||||||
| Residence | ||||||||||||||||
| Rural | 12.3 | 8.1 | 6.1 | 12.1 | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 12.1 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 12.4 | ||||||||||||
***
p<0.001
**
p <0.01
*
p<0.05