. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2022 Jul 11;10(4):1721–1734. doi: 10.1007/s40615-022-01356-w

Table 3.

Percentage of PRAMS respondents who initiated breastfeeding by pre-pregnancy, prenatal, and socio-demographic characteristics, and adjusted odds ratios from multiple logistic regression estimating the association between factors and breastfeeding initiation in most recent pregnancy, 2018-2019, stratified by race/ethnicity (Alaska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Washington)

	American Indian/Alaska Native				non-Hispanic White				Non-Hispanic Black				Hispanic
	%		aOR (95% CI)		%		aOR (95% CI)		%		aOR (95% CI)		%		aOR (95% CI)
Had gestational diabetes in most recent pregnancy	86.0				92.9				91.0				92.3
BMI category
Normal or underweight	83.3	^**	ref		94.6	^***	ref		89.3				92.6
Overweight	88.9		1.38 (0.97-1.98)	#	93.4		0.88 (0.60-1.28)		87.4				93.0
Obese	83.5		0.83 (0.59-1.15)		89.7		0.65 (0.45-0.95)	^*	85.4				92.1
Depression	84.8				92.1				78.0	^***	1.54 (1.00-2.35)	^*	94.2
Anxiety	92.2				96.0				95.3				96.9
Smoking	81.7	^**	0.89 (0.67-1.18)		85.9	^***	0.82 (0.57-1.18)		77.4	^***	0.79 (0.55-1.13)		92.4
Past year IPV	84.6				89.6				77.9	^*	1.47 (0.61-3.53)		88.9
Number of prenatal visits
<=8 visits	82.5	^**	ref		91.5				85.9				89.7
9-11 visits	83.4		0.82 (0.59-1.14)		93.1				86.3				91.8
12 or more visits	88.2		1.22 (0.85-1.74)		93.3				89.5				93.1
Pregnancy Intendedness
Unintended	85.3	#			91.6	^***	ref		85.7	^*	ref		92.6
Intended	86.9				95.1		1.29 (0.91-1.83)		91.5		1.40 (0.99-1.98)	#	91.4
Not sure	82.4				90.2		1.38 (0.90-2.12)		86.2		1.34 (0.88-2.04)		92.7
Stressors during pregnancy
Experienced IPV	82.3				90.2				86.0				88.6
Age
<19 years old	82.4				81.6	^***	ref		76.6	^**	ref		90.2
20-24 years	84.6				90.3		1.11 (0.58-2.13)		84.8		1.03 (0.54-1.94)		94.1
25-29 years	86.6				93.5		1.26 (0.63-2.52)		88.5		1.09 (0.55-2.14)		92.6
30-34 years	82.8				95.3		1.18 (0.55-2.55)		89.7		1.09 (0.51-2.32)		91
35 years and older	87.8				93.5		0.72 (0.31-1.63)		91.1		0.68 (0.30-1.53)		90.6
Education
Less than high school	77.5	^***	ref		75.1	^***	ref		75.5	^***	ref		88.6	^***	ref
High school graduate	82.0		1.37 (0.97-1.91)	#	88.9		2.34 (1.50-3.66)	^***	84.5		2.37 (1.54-3.66)	^***	92.3		1.29 (0.79-2.12)
Some college	90.8		2.67 (1.77-4.05)	^***	94.1		3.46 (2.16-5.55)	^***	89.7		3.45 (2.18-5.45)	^***	93.7		1.27 (0.74-2.16)
College or more	96.4		4.50 (2.13-9.49)	^***	98.3		8.63 (4.37-17.02)	^***	96.4		8.47 (4.33-16.57)	^***	97.9		3.08 (1.00-9.53)	#
Marital status
Married	90.9	^***	1.99 (1.44-2.76)	^***	95.4	^***	1.29 (0.90-1.86)		94.7	^***	1.27 (0.89-1.82)		91.7
Not married	81.9		ref		87.5		ref		81.3		ref		92.6
Parity
0	86.7	^*	ref		94.9	^***	ref		91.3	^***	ref		96.0	^***	ref
2-Jan	85.5		0.83 (0.58-1.18)		93.0		0.73 (0.50-1.06)		87.9		0.74 (0.51-1.08)		90.3		0.45 (0.26-0.77)	^**
3 or more	81.2		0.67 (0.46-0.97)	^*	87.0		0.52 (0.30-0.89)	^*	80.5		0.51 (0.30-0.88)	^*	90.7		0.60 (0.32-1.14)
% of Federal Poverty Level
0-99% FPL	81.9	^***	ref		86.3	^***	ref		79	^***	ref		89.1	^***	ref
100-199% FPL	88.5		1.15 (0.80-1.65)		93.3		1.37 (0.92-2.04)		92.7		1.38 (0.94-2.05)		94.6		1.91 (1.13-3.23)	^*
200% or more FPL	94.3		1.10 (0.67-1.80)		97.3		1.68 (1.02-2.78)	^*	97.8		1.86 (1.12-3.09)	^*	96.4		2.07 (0.84-5.12)
Received WIC during pregnancy
Yes	82.1	^***	0.70 (0.51-0.95)	^*	87.1	^***	0.91 (0.63-1.33)		85.1	^***	0.89 (0.61-1.29)		91.8
No	89.4		ref		95.7		ref		90.9		ref		93.2
Residence
Rural	83.8				88.2	^***	ref		70.5	^***	ref		88.8	^*	ref
Urban	86.4				94.3		1.56 (1.13-2.16)	^**	89.1		1.55 (1.12-2.13)	^**	92.8		1.33 (0.84-2.10)

^***

p<0.001

^**

p <0.01

p<0.05