. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2022 Jul 11;10(4):1721–1734. doi: 10.1007/s40615-022-01356-w

Table 4:

Cox proportional hazards model on early breastfeeding cessation by gestational diabetes and demographic characteristics, 2018-2019, stratified by race/ethnicity (Alaska, Oklahoma, South Dakota)

	American Indian/Alaska Native				non-Hispanic White				Non-Hispanic Black				Hispanic
Factors	Unadjusted Hazard Ratio		Adjusted Hazard Ratio		Unadjusted Hazard Ratio		Adjusted Hazard Ratio		Unadjusted Hazard Ratio		Adjusted Hazard Ratio		Unadjusted Hazard Ratio		Adjusted Hazard Ratio
No gestational diabetes	ref				ref		ref		ref				ref
Gestational diabetes	.096 (0.78-1.20)				1.56 (1.24-1.96)	^***	1.38 (1.09-1.76)	^**	0.94 (0.66-1.32)				1.07 (0.81-1.41)
BMI category
Normal or underweight	ref				ref		ref		ref		ref		ref
Overweight	1.09 (0.91-1.31)		1.22 (0.99-1.50)	^#	1.58 (1.31-1.89)	^***	1.48 (1.23-1.79)	^***	1.01 (0.79-1.29)		0.99 (0.75-1.31)		0.93 (0.74-1.17)
Obese	1.32 (1.12-1.56)	^***	1.53 (1.26-1.85)	^***	2.28 (1.93-2.70)	^***	1.84 (1.53-2.23)	^***	1.33 (1.07-1.66)	^*	1.47 (1.15-1.86)	^**	1.24 (0.99-1.54)	^#
Depression	1.33 (1.12-1.58)	^**	1.18 (0.97-1.44)	^#	1.91 (1.61-2.28)	^***	1.34 (1.11-1.62)	^**	1.52 (1.13-2.04)	^**	1.19 (0.86-1.66)		1.15 (0.85-1.57)
Smoking	1.44 (1.26-1.66)	^***	1.27 (1.08-1.49)	^**	2.51 (2.13-2.94)	^***	1.44 (1.20-1.72)	^***	2.48 (1.99-3.08)	^***	1.56 (1.19-2.04)	^**	1.79 (1.33-2.42)	^***	1.41 (0.99-2.00)	^#
Past year IPV	1.24 (0.95-1.60)				1.79 (1.20-2.65)	^**	0.63 (0.31-1.30)		1.55 (0.95-2.54)	^#			0.86 (0.53-1.42)
Number of prenatal visits
<=8 visits	ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref
9-11 visits	0.81 (0.68-0.97)	^*	0.86 (0.71-1.06)		0.68 (0.56-0.84)	^***	0.79 (0.65-0.98)	^*	0.75 (0.59-0.96)	^*	0.89 (0.69-1.16)		0.84 (0.66-1.06)		0.88 (0.67-1.17)
12 or more visits	0.79 (0.67-0.93)	^**	0.85 (0.70-1.03)	^#	0.72 (0.60-0.86)	^***	0.86 (0.71-1.04)		0.75 (0.59-0.95)	^*	0.91 (0.70-1.18)		0.77 (0.61-0.97)	^*	0.82 (0.63-1.08)
Pregnancy Intendedness
Unintended	1.40 (1.19-1.64)	^***	1.23 (1.03-1.48)	^**	1.40 (1.19-1.65)	^***	1.12 (0.94-1.33)		1.45 (1.16-1.82)	^**	1.03 (0.79-1.34)		1.18 (0.97-1.44)		1.04 (0.82-1.31)
Intended	ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref
Not sure	1.30 (1.08-1.56)	^**	1.10 (0.90-1.35)		1.81 (1.49-2.20)	^***	1.08 (0.87-1.35)		1.67 (1.29-2.16)	^***	1.17 (0.86-1.59)		1.32 (1.02-1.70)	^*	1.24 (0.93-1.66)
Stressors during pregnancy
Experienced IPV	0.82 (0.57-1.18)				1.74 (1.08-2.81)	^*	1.08 (0.44-2.66)		1.77 (1.13-2.79)	^*	1.54 (1.04-2.29)	^*	0.92 (0.54-1.58)
Age
<20 years	ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref
20-24 years	0.77 (0.61-0.97)	^*	0.98 (0.72-1.33)		0.78 (0.58-1.05)		1.25 (0.88-1.78)		0.74 (0.52-1.06)		0.96 (0.58-1.60)		0.68 (0.49-0.94)	^*	0.82 (0.53-1.26)
25-29 years	0.65 (0.52-0.82)	^***	0.89 (0.64-1.24)		0.51 (0.38-0.68)	^***	1.02 (0.71-1.47)		0.47 (0.33-0.67)	^***	0.79 (0.48-1.32)		0.53 (0.38-0.73)	^***	0.83 (0.53-1.31)
30-34 years	0.62 (0.48-0.79)	^***	0.90 (0.63-1.30)		0.40 (0.40-0.54)	^***	1.02 (0.69-1.50)		0.35 (0.24-0.51)	^***	0.55 (0.32-0.95)	^*	0.44 (0.31-0.62)	^***	0.81 (0.50-1.32)
35+ years	0.57 (0.42-0.79)	^**	0.93 (0.60-1.43)		0.35 (0.25-0.49)	^***	0.91 (0.59-1.39)		0.37 (0.25-0.56)	^***	0.79 (0.45-1.38)		0.46 (0.32-0.68)	^***	0.84 (0.50-1.40)
Education
Less than HS	ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref
High School grad	0.70 (0.60-0.83)	^***	0.78 (0.64-0.96)	^*	0.74 (0.59-0.93)	^*	1.05 (0.80-1.39)		1.18 (0.84-1.65)		1.11 (0.77-1.60)		1.14 (0.92-1.42)		1.18 (0.91-1.54)
Some college	0.51 (0.42-0.62)	^***	0.58 (0.46-0.73)	^***	0.47 (0.38-0.59)	^***	0.74 (0.55-0.99)	^*	0.93 (0.66-1.30)		1.02 (0.70-1.48)	^*	0.80 (0.63-1.02)	^#	0.82 (0.60-1.11)
College or more	0.33 (0.24-0.45)	^***	0.46 (0.32-0.67)	^***	0.20 (0.16-0.26)	^***	0.47 (0.33-0.67)	^***	0.59 (0.41-0.85)	^**	1.05 (0.66-1.66)		0.40 (0.26-0.62)	^***	0.55 (0.31-0.98)	^*
Marital Status
Not married	ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref
Married	0.73 (0.63-0.85)	^***	0.94 (0.79-1.13)		0.37 (0.32-0.43)	^***	0.59 (0.49-0.71)	^***	0.34 (0.28-0.41)	^***	0.44 (0.33-0.57)	^***	0.60 (0.50-0.71)	^***	0.78 (0.62-0.98)	^*
Parity
0	ref		ref		ref				ref				ref		ref
1-2	0.84 (0.72-0.98)	^*	0.88 (0.71-1.08)		0.96 (0.83-1.12)				0.92 (0.75-1.13)				0.85 (0.69-1.04)		0.83 (0.63-1.09)
3 or more	0.95 (0.79-1.15)		0.93 (0.71-1.22)		0.95 (0.73-1.22)				0.83 (0.62-1.12)				0.74 (0.56-0.96)	^*	0.68 (0.46-1.00)	^#
% of Federal Poverty Level
0-99% FPL	ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref
100-199% FPL	0.88 (0.73-1.06)		1.18 (0.96-1.45)		0.63 (0.52-0.76)	^***	0.89 (0.73-1.09)		0.67 (0.53-0.85)	^**	0.85 (0.66-1.09)		0.90 (0.72-1.13)		0.92 (0.72-1.18)
200% or more FPL	0.60 (0.48-0.74)	^***	1.04 (0.79-1.38)		0.38 (0.32-0.45)	^***	0.98 (0.77-1.25)		0.51 (0.39-0.66)	^***	0.80 (0.55-1.17)		0.58 (0.42-0.79)	^**	0.87 (0.58-1.31)
WIC
No	ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref		ref
Yes	1.37 (1.19-1.58)	^***	1.18 (0.99-1.40)	^#	2.43 (2.10-2.81)	^***	1.28 (1.06-1.54)	^*	1.50 (1.25-1.82)	^***	1.00 (0.78-1.29)		1.44 (1.18-1.75)	^***	1.21 (0.94-1.55)
Rural	ref				ref		ref		ref		ref		ref
Urban	0.97 (0.84-1.12)				0.69 (0.59-0.80)	^***	0.90 (0.76-1.07)		0.70 (0.52-0.95)	^*	0.86 (0.63-1.18)		1.06 (0.86-1.31)

^***

p<0.001

^**

p<0.01

p<0.05

p<0.10