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. 2023 Jun 12;14(7):3234–3258. doi: 10.1364/BOE.484044

Table 1. Characteristics of Key FD-fNIRS Technologies.

Author, Year Type No. of Sources/Detector locations No. of channels Wavelength (nm) Source Power (mW) Source-Detector Separation (mm) Dynamic range (dB) Modulation frequency (MHz) Phase resolution (degree) Noise Equivalent Power
ISS Imagent [17] Benchtop 128/32 512 690, 830 10 - - 110-400 - -
Campbell et al., 2020 [21] Benchtop 1/1 1 631, 660, 689, 782, 828, 849 - 14 - 30 - 20 - 460 - -
Choe et al., 2009 [23] Benchtop 9/4 - 690, 750, 786, 830 - - - 70 - -
Zhang et al., 2005 [24,25] Benchtop 9/1 9 × 40 685, 830 - - 60 70 0.25 1 pW /√Hz
El-Ghussein et al., 2013 [27] Benchtop 16/16 256 660, 735, 785, 808, 826, 849 - - 100 100 0.4 - 0.5 -
Carp et al., 2017 [29] Benchtop 4/1 4 670, 690, 700, 730, 760, 780, 810, 830 2-5 15 - 30 - 110 - -
Mackey et al., 2020 [30] Benchtop 4/12 48 685, 830 10-14 20 - 35 - 100 - -
Lee et al., 2022 [31] Benchtop - - 785, 824 - - - 20, 30, 40 - -
Huang et al., 2017 [32] Benchtop 1/1 1 700, 750, 800, 1030 - - - 54.77 -985.86 - -
Zimmermann et al., 2016 [33] Benchtop 20/1 20 × 24 685, 830 50 - >115 67.5, 75 0.172 <1.4 pW /√Hz
Thompson et al., 2021 [34] Benchtop 12/6 72 692, 850 12.5 - - - - -
Wathen et al., 2021 [36] Benchtop 32/32 1024 690, 852 12.5 13 - 40 ∼60 211 - 20.5 fW / √Hz
Chen et al., 2004 [40] Portable 1/1 1 660, 780, 830 - - 85 140 - -
O’Sullivan et al., 2017 [42] Portable 1/1 1 680, 795, 850 11.6-17.8 20 - 50 - 1000 - -
Torjesen et al., 2017 [46] Benchtop 1/1 1 658, 690, 785, 808, 830, 850 - 30, 10 - 50 - 400 0.38 (50 MHz), 1.7(Avg) -
Istfan et al., 2019 [50] Wearable 1/1 1 660, 680, 775, 795 - 13 54.4 50 - 500 - -
Applegate et al., 2021 [51] Portable 1/1 1 690, 730, 785, 808, 830, 850 1.2-7.84 20 - 50 - 500 - -
Stillwell et al., 2021 [58] Portable 1/1 1 690, 785, 808, 850, 940 980 - 15 - 30 70 1 - 400 0.227 - 0.557 -
Miao et al., 2018 [63] Wearable 1/1 1 685, 785, 830 35-100 (Factory) 20 - 25 33 80 0.2 3.2 pW / √Hz
Kılıç et al., 2022 [64] Wearable 1/4 4 690, 830 2.5 20 60 80 0.35 -
Yazdi et al., 2017 [65] Portable 1/1 1 690, 785, 830, 980 - 15, 20, 25 33 50-1000 0.1 (100 MHz), 2(400 MHz) -
Chen et al., 2022 [66] Wearable 1/1 1 685 35-50, (Factory) - 60 10 0.006 -
Koh et al., 2022 [67] Wearable 1/1 1 - - - - <150 <1.4 -
Scammon, 2022 [69] Portable 1/1 1 785 25 (Factory) 10 - 103.55-327.93 - -