Fig. 1.

Estimating microvascular blood flow waveforms. (A) Representative 15s window of pulsatile blood flow index (BFI, blue) and arterial blood pressure (ABP, red) signals. The flow waveform leads pressure. The red shaded box shows the boundaries of an ABP pulse, while the blue box denotes the boundaries of the corresponding BFI pulse. (B) Waveforms extracted from the 15s window are overlayed, preserving the sampling offset between ABP and BFI. Each pulse pair is normalized by the same factor such that ABP pulse length is set to a unit length of 1, then binned and averaged. (C) Final average blood flow and pressure waveforms over the 15s time window, shading shows standard deviation. (D) Schematic diagram of morphological features directly quantified from each pulse: mean flow (MF), peak systolic flow (PSF), end diastolic flow (EDF), amplitude (AMP) and area under the curve (AUC).