Table 2.
Urinary exosomal biomarkers for DKD
| Exosomal | Molecules | Species | Change | Actions | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proteins | WT1 | Human | ↑ | Predict proteinuria and decreased renal function, especially for GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 23544132 |
| Plasmin, prostasin, and urokinase | Human | ↑ | Correlated directly with urine albumin | 25609736 | |
| Elf3 | Human | ↑ | Elf3 was detectable only in DKD patients. Irreversible injuries in podocytes were predicted | 31150422 | |
| glcUMOD | Human | ↑ | Forms AGEs | 28592554 | |
| AMBP, MLL3 | Human | ↑ | - | 24211404 | |
| FBLN1 | Human | ↑ | Correlated with the severity of tubular injury | 34977033 | |
| AQP5, AQP2 | Human | ↑ | Positive correlation between uAQP5 and the histological class of DN | 28246612 | |
| CD63 | Human | ↑ | Therapeutic indicator | 28116765 | |
| Regucalcin, SMP30 | Rat | ↓ | - | 26072307 | |
| VDAC1 | Human | ↓ | - | 24211404 | |
| miRNAs | let-7c-5p | Human | ↑ | Correlated with renal function, level of eGFR, and disease progression | 29739042 |
| miR-19b-3p | Mice | ↑ | Correlated with the severity of albuminuria, tubulointerstitial inflammation, and SOCS-1 level | 31097789 | |
| miR-188-5p | Human | ↑ | Regulates HG-induced EMT in HK-2 cells via the PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway | 32340338 | |
| miR-150-3p, miR-760, miR-3677-3p, miR-548ah-3p, miR-548p, miR-320e, miR-23c | Human | ↑ | - | 32340338 | |
| miR-21-5p, let-7e-5p, miR-23b-3p | Human | ↑ | Associated with renal function, renal sclerosis, fibrosis, detection of DKD, and poor renal function | 31358876 | |
| miR-4534 | Human | ↑ | Involved in the FoxO/BNIP3 signaling pathway, correlated with proteinuria levels in DKD. | 32982978 | |
| miR-516b-5p | Human | ↑ | Correlated with proteinuria levels | 32982978 | |
| miR-1269b | Human | ↑ | Correlated with tubular injury | 34977033 | |
| miR-451 | Human, Rat | ↑ | Correlated with renal failure | 32322216 | |
| miR-451-5p, miR-16 | Rat | ↑ | Predict albuminuria at an earlier time point | 27101382 | |
| miR-320c, miR-6068 | Human | ↑ | Graded correlation with UACR. | 26930277 | |
| miR-1234-5p, miR-6133, miR-4270, miR-4739, miR-371b-5p, miR-638, miR-572, miR-1227-5p, miR-6126, miR-1915-5p, miR-4778-5p, miR-2861 | Human | ↑ | - | 26930277 | |
| miR-133b, miR-342, miR-30a | Human | ↑ | Early marker before the onset of albuminuria; associated with renal function and proteinuria levels | 27470555 | |
| miR-362-3p, miR-877-3p, miR-150-5p, miR-638, miR-133b | Human | ↑ | Early biomarker for DKD. | 29038788 | |
| miR-145, miR-130a | Human | ↑ | Early biomarker for DKD. | 24223694 | |
| miR-15b, miR-34a, and miR-636 | Human | ↑ | Positive correlated with renal function and proteinuria levels | 27475263 | |
| miR-15b-5p | Human, mice | ↑ | Predicted kidney injury in DKD | 31991106 | |
| miR-15a-5p | Human | ↓ | Mediated fibrosis | 29038788 | |
| miR29c-5p, miR-15b-5p | Human | ↓ | Predicted the development of DKD | 29739042 | |
| miR-30b-5p, miR-125b-5p | Human | ↓ | Detected DKD and poor renal function | 31358876 | |
| miR-133a-3p, miR-153-3p | Human | ↓ | Early biomarker for DKD | 32340338 | |
| miR-155, miR-424 | Human | ↓ | Early biomarker for DKD | 24223694 | |
| mRNA | WT1 | Human | ↑ | Reflected damage of diabetic glomeruli, predicted the decline in eGFR | 30282862 |
WT1, Wilms tumor 1; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; Elf3, E74-like ETS transcription factor 3; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; glcUMOD, glycated uromodulin; AGEs, advanced glycation end products; AMBP, α-microglobulin/bikunin precursor; MLL3, histone-lysine N-methyltransferase; FBLN1, Fibulin-1; AQP, aquaporins; uAQP5, urine aquaporins 5; SMP30, senescence marker protein-30; VDAC1, voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1; SOCS1, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; FoxO, forkhead box O; BNIP3, BCL2 interacting protein 3; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.