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. 2023 Jul 21;19:1641–1654. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S416854

Table 1.

Demographics and Clinical Parameters of Patients in Primary and Validation Cohort

Characteristics Primary Cohort (n =474) Validation Cohort (n = 153)
No-POD POD P-value No-POD POD P-value
Age (years)
 <75 261 (62.7) 10 (17.2) <0.001 86 (64.2) 0 (0.0) <0.001
 75–85 113 (27.2) 13 (22.4) 33 (24.6) 4(21.1)
 >85 42 (10.1) 35 (60.3) 15 (11.2) 15 (78.9)
Sex
 Female 135 (32.5) 22 (37.9) 0.495 50 (37.3) 5 (26.3) 0.497
 Male 281 (67.5) 36 (62.1) 84 (62.7) 14 (73.7)
BMI (kg/m2)
 <18.5 36 (8.7) 5 (8.6) 0.99 9 (6.7) 3 (15.8) 0.336
 18.5–24 243 (58.6) 34 (58.6) 77 (57.5) 11 (57.9)
 >24 36 (8.7) 5 (8.6) 9 (6.7) 3 (15.8)
Educational_level
 Illiterate 209 (50.2) 38 (65.5) 0.016 50 (37.3) 12 (63.2) 0.099
 Elementary or middle school 151 (36.3) 10 (17.2) 70 (52.2) 6 (31.6)
 High School and above 56 (13.5) 10 (17.2) 14 (10.4) 1 (5.3)
Smoking
 No 334 (80.3) 43 (74.1) 0.361 110 (82.1) 18 (94.7) 0.287
 Yes 82(19.7) 15 (25.9) 24 (17.9) 1 (5.3)
Drinking
 No 309 (74.3) 41 (70.7) 0.672 71 (53.0) 13 (68.4) 0.308
 Yes 107 (25.7) 17 (29.3) 63 (47.0) 6 (31.6)
HBP
 No 220 (52.9) 23 (39.7) 0.08 73 (54.5) 8 (42.1) 0.444
 Yes 196 (47.1) 35 (60.3) 61 (45.5) 11 (57.9)
DM
 No 305 (73.3) 45 (77.6) 0.594 107 (79.9) 16 (84.2) 0.889
 Yes 111 (26.7) 13 (22.4) 27 (20.1) 3 (15.8)
CHD
 No 389 (93.5) 54 (93.1) 0.99 126 (94.0) 18 (94.7) 0.99
 Yes 27 (6.5) 4 (6.9) 8 (6.0) 1 (5.3)
Neurological disorders
 No 372 (89.4) 39 (67.2) <0.001 122 (91.0) 15 (78.9) 0.225
 Yes 44 (10.6) 19 (32.8) 12 (9.0) 4 (21.1)
MMSE
 25–30 359 (86.3) 25 (43.1) <0.001 114 (85.1) 9(47.4) <0.001
 ≤24 57 (13.7) 33 (56.9) 20 (14.9) 10 (52.6)
Sleep disorders
 No 331 (79.6) 19 (32.8) <0.001 111 (82.8) 12 (63.2) 0.087
 Yes 85 (20.4) 39 (67.2) 23 (17.2) 7 (36.8)
Hb
 Abnormal 85 (20.4) 20 (34.5) 0.025 37 (27.6) 4(21.1) 0.743
 Normal 331 (79.6) 38 (65.5) 97 (72.4) 15 (78.9)
WBC (109/L)
 <3.5 9 (2.2) 0 (0.0) 0.228 2 (1.5) 0 (0.0) 0.023
 3.5–9.5 337 (81.0) 44 (75.9) 101 (75.4) 9 (47.4)
 >9.5 70 (16.8) 14 (24.1) 31 (23.1) 10 (52.6)
Glu (mmol/L)
 <6.1 273 (65.6) 37 (63.8) 0.132 88 (65.7) 7 (36.8) 0.037
 6.1–7.0 59 (14.2) 4 (6.9) 18 (13.4) 6 (31.6)
 >7.0 84 (20.2) 17 (29.3) 28 (20.9) 6 (31.6)
HbA1c (%)
 <6.5 142 (34.1) 28 (48.3) 0.05 51 (38.1) 10 (52.6) 0.335
 ≥6.5 274 (65.9) 30 (51.7) 83 (61.9) 9 (47.4)
GSP (%)
 <10 53 (12.7) 5 (8.6) 0.429 13 (9.7) 3 (15.8) 0.606
 10–16 312 (75.0) 43 (74.1) 105 (78.4) 13 (68.4)
 >16 51 (12.3) 10 (17.2) 16 (11.9) 3 (15.8)
ALB (g/L)
 <30 12 (2.9) 4 (6.9) 0.231 10 (7.5) 3 (15.8) 0.436
 ≥30 404 (97.1) 54 (93.1) 124 (92.5) 16 (84.2)
CRP (mg/L)
 <10 256 (61.5) 32 (55.2) 0.431 77 (57.5) 7 (36.8) 0.149
 ≥10 160 (38.5) 26 (44.8) 57 (42.5) 12 (63.2)
ESR (mm/h)
 <20 292 (70.2) 33 (56.9) 0.058 82 (61.2) 11 (57.9) 0.98
 ≥20 124 (29.8) 25 (43.1) 52 (38.8) 8 (42.1)
D_Dimer (mg/L)
 <0.23 111 (26.7) 11 (19.0) 0.272 34 (25.4) 4 (21.1) 0.901
 ≥0.23 305 (73.3) 47 (81.0) 100 (74.6) 15 (78.9)
TC (mmol/L)
 <5.18 322 (77.4) 43 (74.1) 0.699 96 (71.6) 15 (78.9) 0.694
 ≥5.18 94 (22.6) 15 (25.9) 38 (28.4) 4 (21.1)
DBil (umol/L)
 <8.6 389 (93.5) 49 (84.5) 0.03 115 (85.8) 10 (52.6) 0.001
 ≥8.6 27 (6.5) 9 (15.5) 19 (14.2) 9 (47.4)
TBil (umol/L)
 <20.6 364 (87.5) 46 (79.3) 0.132 85 (63.4) 8 (42.1) 0.126
 ≥20.6 52 (12.5) 12 (20.7) 49 (36.6) 11 (57.9)
HDL (mmol/L)
 <1.29 125 (30.0) 14 (24.1) 0.25 52 (38.8) 8 (42.1) 0.692
 1.29–1.55 147 (35.3) 27 (46.6) 49 (36.6) 8 (42.1)
 >1.55 144 (34.6) 17 (29.3) 33 (24.6) 3 (15.8)
LDL (mmol/L)
 <3.12 253 (60.8) 33 (56.9) 0.668 87 (64.9) 10 (52.6) 0.432
 ≥3.12 163 (39.2) 25 (43.1) 47 (35.1) 9 (47.4)
APOB
 <0.6 50 (12.0) 2 (3.4) 0.119 19 (14.2) 3 (15.8) 0.648
 0.6–1.10 238 (57.2) 34 (58.6) 78 (58.2) 9 (47.4)
 >1.10 128 (30.8) 22 (37.9) 37 (27.6) 7 (36.8)
APOE (mg/dl)
 <29.0 63 (15.1) 6 (10.3) 0.344 16 (11.9) 1 (5.3) 0.686
 29.0–53.0 293 (70.4) 40 (69.0) 99 (73.9) 15 (78.9)
 >53.0 60 (14.4) 12 (20.7) 19 (14.2) 3 (15.8)
LPA (mg/L)
 <300 298 (71.6) 38 (65.5) 0.42 95 (70.9) 14 (73.7) 0.99
 ≥300 118 (28.4) 20 (34.5) 39 (29.1) 5 (26.3)
BUN (mmol/L)
 <7.6 332 (79.8) 37 (63.8) 0.01 111 (82.8) 12 (63.2) 0.087
 ≥7.6 84 (20.2) 21 (36.2) 23 (17.2) 7 (36.8)
Scr (umol/L)
 <41 27 (6.5) 2 (3.4) 0.001 14 (10.4) 2 (10.5) 0.007
 41–81 341 (82.0) 39 (67.2) 106 (79.1) 10 (52.6)
 >81 48 (11.5) 17 (29.3) 14 (10.4) 7 (36.8)
GFR (mL/min)
 <70 61 (14.7) 11 (19.0) 0.509 21 (15.7) 3 (15.8) 0.99
 ≥70 355 (85.3) 47 (81.0) 113 (84.3) 16 (84.2)
K+ (mmol/L)
 <3.5 61 (14.7) 13 (22.4) 0.004 16 (11.9) 2 (10.5) 0.001
 3.5–5.3 354 (85.1) 43 (74.1) 118 (88.1) 15 (78.9)
 >5.3 1 (0.2) 2 (3.4) 0 (0.0) 2 (10.5)
Na+ (mmol/L)
 <135 21 (5.0) 3 (5.2) 0.999 5 (3.7) 1 (5.3) 0.706
 135–145 366 (88.0) 51 (87.9) 121 (90.3) 16 (84.2)
 >145 29 (7.0) 4 (6.9) 8 (6.0) 2 (10.5)
Ca2+ (mmol/L)
 <2.03 40 (9.6) 6 (10.3) 0.403 12 (9.0) 2 (10.5) 0.016
 2.03–2.54 371 (89.2) 50 (86.2) 119 (88.8) 14 (73.7)
 >2.54 5 (1.2) 2 (3.4) 3 (2.2) 3 (15.8)
EF (%)
 <50 5 (1.2) 1 (1.7) 0.99 44 (32.8) 6 (31.6) 0.99
 ≥50 411 (98.8) 57 (98.3) 90 (67.2) 13 (68.4)
Dexmedetomidine
 No 232 (55.8) 36 (62.1) 0.444 78 (58.2) 13 (68.4) 0.549
 Yes 184 (44.2) 22 (37.9) 56 (41.8) 6 (31.6)
Atropine
 No 167 (40.1) 22 (37.9) 0.858 61 (45.5) 7 (36.8)
 Yes 249 (59.9) 36 (62.1) 73 (54.5) 12 (63.2)
Benzodiazepine
 No 75 (18.0) 18 (31.0) 0.031 61 (45.5) 11 (57.9) 0.444
 Yes 341 (82.0) 40 (69.0) 73 (54.5) 8 (42.1)
Type of anesthesia
 General anesthesia 333 (80.0) 43 (74.1) 0.36 79 (59.0) 12 (63.2) 0.92
 Nerve blocks 49 (11.8) 7 (12.1) 26 (19.4) 3 (15.8)
 Epidural anesthesia 34 (8.2) 8 (13.8) 29 (21.6) 4 (21.1)
Type_of_surgery
 Spinal Trauma 59 10 0.341 16 1 0.633
 Cervical/Lumbar spondylosis 21 0 3 0
 Extremity fracture 75 14 35 4
 Arthroplasty 169 21 42 9
 Arthroscopic surgery 92 13 38 5
Duration of anesthesia
 <2h 255 (61.3) 38 (65.5) 0.635 65 (48.5) 11 (57.9) 0.603
 ≥2h 161 (38.7) 20 (34.5) 69 (51.5) 8 (42.1)
Duration of surgery
 <2h 288 (69.2) 41 (70.7) 0.941 87 (64.9) 13 (68.4) 0.966
 ≥2h 128 (30.8) 17 (29.3) 47 (35.1) 6 (31.6)
Blood Loss_ (mL)
 <500 365 (87.7) 52 (89.7) 0.577 124 (92.5) 18 (94.7) 0.805
 500–1000 36 (8.7) 3 (5.2) 7 (5.2) 1 (5.3)
 >1000 15 (3.6) 3 (5.2) 3 (2.2) 0 (0.0)
Blood_transfusion
 No 374 (89.9) 52 (89.7) 0.99 120 (89.6) 14 (73.7) 0.112
 Yes 42 (10.1) 6 (10.3) 14 (10.4) 5 (26.3)

Note: Categorical variables are expressed as frequency (percentage).

Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; HBP, High blood pressure; DM, Diabetes mellitus; GHD, Coronary heart disease; MMSE, Mini-mental State Examination; Hb, Hemoglobin; WBC, White blood cells; Glu, Glucose; GSP, Glycosylated serum protein; HbA1c, Glycosylated hemoglobin; LPA, lipoprotein A; APOE, Apolipoprotein E; APOB, Apolipoprotein B; HDL, High density lipoprotein; LDL, Low density lipoprotein; CRP, C-reactive protein; Alb, Albumin; TC, total cholesterol; SCR, Serum creatinine;GFR, Glomerular filtration rate; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen, DBil, Direct bilirubin; IBil, Indirect bilirubin; ESR, sedimentation; Na+, Sodium; K+, Potassium; Ca+, calcium; EF, Ejection Fraction.