Table 1.
Demographics and Clinical Parameters of Patients in Primary and Validation Cohort
| Characteristics | Primary Cohort (n =474) | Validation Cohort (n = 153) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-POD | POD | P-value | No-POD | POD | P-value | |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| <75 | 261 (62.7) | 10 (17.2) | <0.001 | 86 (64.2) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| 75–85 | 113 (27.2) | 13 (22.4) | 33 (24.6) | 4(21.1) | ||
| >85 | 42 (10.1) | 35 (60.3) | 15 (11.2) | 15 (78.9) | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 135 (32.5) | 22 (37.9) | 0.495 | 50 (37.3) | 5 (26.3) | 0.497 |
| Male | 281 (67.5) | 36 (62.1) | 84 (62.7) | 14 (73.7) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| <18.5 | 36 (8.7) | 5 (8.6) | 0.99 | 9 (6.7) | 3 (15.8) | 0.336 |
| 18.5–24 | 243 (58.6) | 34 (58.6) | 77 (57.5) | 11 (57.9) | ||
| >24 | 36 (8.7) | 5 (8.6) | 9 (6.7) | 3 (15.8) | ||
| Educational_level | ||||||
| Illiterate | 209 (50.2) | 38 (65.5) | 0.016 | 50 (37.3) | 12 (63.2) | 0.099 |
| Elementary or middle school | 151 (36.3) | 10 (17.2) | 70 (52.2) | 6 (31.6) | ||
| High School and above | 56 (13.5) | 10 (17.2) | 14 (10.4) | 1 (5.3) | ||
| Smoking | ||||||
| No | 334 (80.3) | 43 (74.1) | 0.361 | 110 (82.1) | 18 (94.7) | 0.287 |
| Yes | 82(19.7) | 15 (25.9) | 24 (17.9) | 1 (5.3) | ||
| Drinking | ||||||
| No | 309 (74.3) | 41 (70.7) | 0.672 | 71 (53.0) | 13 (68.4) | 0.308 |
| Yes | 107 (25.7) | 17 (29.3) | 63 (47.0) | 6 (31.6) | ||
| HBP | ||||||
| No | 220 (52.9) | 23 (39.7) | 0.08 | 73 (54.5) | 8 (42.1) | 0.444 |
| Yes | 196 (47.1) | 35 (60.3) | 61 (45.5) | 11 (57.9) | ||
| DM | ||||||
| No | 305 (73.3) | 45 (77.6) | 0.594 | 107 (79.9) | 16 (84.2) | 0.889 |
| Yes | 111 (26.7) | 13 (22.4) | 27 (20.1) | 3 (15.8) | ||
| CHD | ||||||
| No | 389 (93.5) | 54 (93.1) | 0.99 | 126 (94.0) | 18 (94.7) | 0.99 |
| Yes | 27 (6.5) | 4 (6.9) | 8 (6.0) | 1 (5.3) | ||
| Neurological disorders | ||||||
| No | 372 (89.4) | 39 (67.2) | <0.001 | 122 (91.0) | 15 (78.9) | 0.225 |
| Yes | 44 (10.6) | 19 (32.8) | 12 (9.0) | 4 (21.1) | ||
| MMSE | ||||||
| 25–30 | 359 (86.3) | 25 (43.1) | <0.001 | 114 (85.1) | 9(47.4) | <0.001 |
| ≤24 | 57 (13.7) | 33 (56.9) | 20 (14.9) | 10 (52.6) | ||
| Sleep disorders | ||||||
| No | 331 (79.6) | 19 (32.8) | <0.001 | 111 (82.8) | 12 (63.2) | 0.087 |
| Yes | 85 (20.4) | 39 (67.2) | 23 (17.2) | 7 (36.8) | ||
| Hb | ||||||
| Abnormal | 85 (20.4) | 20 (34.5) | 0.025 | 37 (27.6) | 4(21.1) | 0.743 |
| Normal | 331 (79.6) | 38 (65.5) | 97 (72.4) | 15 (78.9) | ||
| WBC (109/L) | ||||||
| <3.5 | 9 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.228 | 2 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.023 |
| 3.5–9.5 | 337 (81.0) | 44 (75.9) | 101 (75.4) | 9 (47.4) | ||
| >9.5 | 70 (16.8) | 14 (24.1) | 31 (23.1) | 10 (52.6) | ||
| Glu (mmol/L) | ||||||
| <6.1 | 273 (65.6) | 37 (63.8) | 0.132 | 88 (65.7) | 7 (36.8) | 0.037 |
| 6.1–7.0 | 59 (14.2) | 4 (6.9) | 18 (13.4) | 6 (31.6) | ||
| >7.0 | 84 (20.2) | 17 (29.3) | 28 (20.9) | 6 (31.6) | ||
| HbA1c (%) | ||||||
| <6.5 | 142 (34.1) | 28 (48.3) | 0.05 | 51 (38.1) | 10 (52.6) | 0.335 |
| ≥6.5 | 274 (65.9) | 30 (51.7) | 83 (61.9) | 9 (47.4) | ||
| GSP (%) | ||||||
| <10 | 53 (12.7) | 5 (8.6) | 0.429 | 13 (9.7) | 3 (15.8) | 0.606 |
| 10–16 | 312 (75.0) | 43 (74.1) | 105 (78.4) | 13 (68.4) | ||
| >16 | 51 (12.3) | 10 (17.2) | 16 (11.9) | 3 (15.8) | ||
| ALB (g/L) | ||||||
| <30 | 12 (2.9) | 4 (6.9) | 0.231 | 10 (7.5) | 3 (15.8) | 0.436 |
| ≥30 | 404 (97.1) | 54 (93.1) | 124 (92.5) | 16 (84.2) | ||
| CRP (mg/L) | ||||||
| <10 | 256 (61.5) | 32 (55.2) | 0.431 | 77 (57.5) | 7 (36.8) | 0.149 |
| ≥10 | 160 (38.5) | 26 (44.8) | 57 (42.5) | 12 (63.2) | ||
| ESR (mm/h) | ||||||
| <20 | 292 (70.2) | 33 (56.9) | 0.058 | 82 (61.2) | 11 (57.9) | 0.98 |
| ≥20 | 124 (29.8) | 25 (43.1) | 52 (38.8) | 8 (42.1) | ||
| D_Dimer (mg/L) | ||||||
| <0.23 | 111 (26.7) | 11 (19.0) | 0.272 | 34 (25.4) | 4 (21.1) | 0.901 |
| ≥0.23 | 305 (73.3) | 47 (81.0) | 100 (74.6) | 15 (78.9) | ||
| TC (mmol/L) | ||||||
| <5.18 | 322 (77.4) | 43 (74.1) | 0.699 | 96 (71.6) | 15 (78.9) | 0.694 |
| ≥5.18 | 94 (22.6) | 15 (25.9) | 38 (28.4) | 4 (21.1) | ||
| DBil (umol/L) | ||||||
| <8.6 | 389 (93.5) | 49 (84.5) | 0.03 | 115 (85.8) | 10 (52.6) | 0.001 |
| ≥8.6 | 27 (6.5) | 9 (15.5) | 19 (14.2) | 9 (47.4) | ||
| TBil (umol/L) | ||||||
| <20.6 | 364 (87.5) | 46 (79.3) | 0.132 | 85 (63.4) | 8 (42.1) | 0.126 |
| ≥20.6 | 52 (12.5) | 12 (20.7) | 49 (36.6) | 11 (57.9) | ||
| HDL (mmol/L) | ||||||
| <1.29 | 125 (30.0) | 14 (24.1) | 0.25 | 52 (38.8) | 8 (42.1) | 0.692 |
| 1.29–1.55 | 147 (35.3) | 27 (46.6) | 49 (36.6) | 8 (42.1) | ||
| >1.55 | 144 (34.6) | 17 (29.3) | 33 (24.6) | 3 (15.8) | ||
| LDL (mmol/L) | ||||||
| <3.12 | 253 (60.8) | 33 (56.9) | 0.668 | 87 (64.9) | 10 (52.6) | 0.432 |
| ≥3.12 | 163 (39.2) | 25 (43.1) | 47 (35.1) | 9 (47.4) | ||
| APOB | ||||||
| <0.6 | 50 (12.0) | 2 (3.4) | 0.119 | 19 (14.2) | 3 (15.8) | 0.648 |
| 0.6–1.10 | 238 (57.2) | 34 (58.6) | 78 (58.2) | 9 (47.4) | ||
| >1.10 | 128 (30.8) | 22 (37.9) | 37 (27.6) | 7 (36.8) | ||
| APOE (mg/dl) | ||||||
| <29.0 | 63 (15.1) | 6 (10.3) | 0.344 | 16 (11.9) | 1 (5.3) | 0.686 |
| 29.0–53.0 | 293 (70.4) | 40 (69.0) | 99 (73.9) | 15 (78.9) | ||
| >53.0 | 60 (14.4) | 12 (20.7) | 19 (14.2) | 3 (15.8) | ||
| LPA (mg/L) | ||||||
| <300 | 298 (71.6) | 38 (65.5) | 0.42 | 95 (70.9) | 14 (73.7) | 0.99 |
| ≥300 | 118 (28.4) | 20 (34.5) | 39 (29.1) | 5 (26.3) | ||
| BUN (mmol/L) | ||||||
| <7.6 | 332 (79.8) | 37 (63.8) | 0.01 | 111 (82.8) | 12 (63.2) | 0.087 |
| ≥7.6 | 84 (20.2) | 21 (36.2) | 23 (17.2) | 7 (36.8) | ||
| Scr (umol/L) | ||||||
| <41 | 27 (6.5) | 2 (3.4) | 0.001 | 14 (10.4) | 2 (10.5) | 0.007 |
| 41–81 | 341 (82.0) | 39 (67.2) | 106 (79.1) | 10 (52.6) | ||
| >81 | 48 (11.5) | 17 (29.3) | 14 (10.4) | 7 (36.8) | ||
| GFR (mL/min) | ||||||
| <70 | 61 (14.7) | 11 (19.0) | 0.509 | 21 (15.7) | 3 (15.8) | 0.99 |
| ≥70 | 355 (85.3) | 47 (81.0) | 113 (84.3) | 16 (84.2) | ||
| K+ (mmol/L) | ||||||
| <3.5 | 61 (14.7) | 13 (22.4) | 0.004 | 16 (11.9) | 2 (10.5) | 0.001 |
| 3.5–5.3 | 354 (85.1) | 43 (74.1) | 118 (88.1) | 15 (78.9) | ||
| >5.3 | 1 (0.2) | 2 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (10.5) | ||
| Na+ (mmol/L) | ||||||
| <135 | 21 (5.0) | 3 (5.2) | 0.999 | 5 (3.7) | 1 (5.3) | 0.706 |
| 135–145 | 366 (88.0) | 51 (87.9) | 121 (90.3) | 16 (84.2) | ||
| >145 | 29 (7.0) | 4 (6.9) | 8 (6.0) | 2 (10.5) | ||
| Ca2+ (mmol/L) | ||||||
| <2.03 | 40 (9.6) | 6 (10.3) | 0.403 | 12 (9.0) | 2 (10.5) | 0.016 |
| 2.03–2.54 | 371 (89.2) | 50 (86.2) | 119 (88.8) | 14 (73.7) | ||
| >2.54 | 5 (1.2) | 2 (3.4) | 3 (2.2) | 3 (15.8) | ||
| EF (%) | ||||||
| <50 | 5 (1.2) | 1 (1.7) | 0.99 | 44 (32.8) | 6 (31.6) | 0.99 |
| ≥50 | 411 (98.8) | 57 (98.3) | 90 (67.2) | 13 (68.4) | ||
| Dexmedetomidine | ||||||
| No | 232 (55.8) | 36 (62.1) | 0.444 | 78 (58.2) | 13 (68.4) | 0.549 |
| Yes | 184 (44.2) | 22 (37.9) | 56 (41.8) | 6 (31.6) | ||
| Atropine | ||||||
| No | 167 (40.1) | 22 (37.9) | 0.858 | 61 (45.5) | 7 (36.8) | |
| Yes | 249 (59.9) | 36 (62.1) | 73 (54.5) | 12 (63.2) | ||
| Benzodiazepine | ||||||
| No | 75 (18.0) | 18 (31.0) | 0.031 | 61 (45.5) | 11 (57.9) | 0.444 |
| Yes | 341 (82.0) | 40 (69.0) | 73 (54.5) | 8 (42.1) | ||
| Type of anesthesia | ||||||
| General anesthesia | 333 (80.0) | 43 (74.1) | 0.36 | 79 (59.0) | 12 (63.2) | 0.92 |
| Nerve blocks | 49 (11.8) | 7 (12.1) | 26 (19.4) | 3 (15.8) | ||
| Epidural anesthesia | 34 (8.2) | 8 (13.8) | 29 (21.6) | 4 (21.1) | ||
| Type_of_surgery | ||||||
| Spinal Trauma | 59 | 10 | 0.341 | 16 | 1 | 0.633 |
| Cervical/Lumbar spondylosis | 21 | 0 | 3 | 0 | ||
| Extremity fracture | 75 | 14 | 35 | 4 | ||
| Arthroplasty | 169 | 21 | 42 | 9 | ||
| Arthroscopic surgery | 92 | 13 | 38 | 5 | ||
| Duration of anesthesia | ||||||
| <2h | 255 (61.3) | 38 (65.5) | 0.635 | 65 (48.5) | 11 (57.9) | 0.603 |
| ≥2h | 161 (38.7) | 20 (34.5) | 69 (51.5) | 8 (42.1) | ||
| Duration of surgery | ||||||
| <2h | 288 (69.2) | 41 (70.7) | 0.941 | 87 (64.9) | 13 (68.4) | 0.966 |
| ≥2h | 128 (30.8) | 17 (29.3) | 47 (35.1) | 6 (31.6) | ||
| Blood Loss_ (mL) | ||||||
| <500 | 365 (87.7) | 52 (89.7) | 0.577 | 124 (92.5) | 18 (94.7) | 0.805 |
| 500–1000 | 36 (8.7) | 3 (5.2) | 7 (5.2) | 1 (5.3) | ||
| >1000 | 15 (3.6) | 3 (5.2) | 3 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Blood_transfusion | ||||||
| No | 374 (89.9) | 52 (89.7) | 0.99 | 120 (89.6) | 14 (73.7) | 0.112 |
| Yes | 42 (10.1) | 6 (10.3) | 14 (10.4) | 5 (26.3) | ||
Note: Categorical variables are expressed as frequency (percentage).
Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; HBP, High blood pressure; DM, Diabetes mellitus; GHD, Coronary heart disease; MMSE, Mini-mental State Examination; Hb, Hemoglobin; WBC, White blood cells; Glu, Glucose; GSP, Glycosylated serum protein; HbA1c, Glycosylated hemoglobin; LPA, lipoprotein A; APOE, Apolipoprotein E; APOB, Apolipoprotein B; HDL, High density lipoprotein; LDL, Low density lipoprotein; CRP, C-reactive protein; Alb, Albumin; TC, total cholesterol; SCR, Serum creatinine;GFR, Glomerular filtration rate; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen, DBil, Direct bilirubin; IBil, Indirect bilirubin; ESR, sedimentation; Na+, Sodium; K+, Potassium; Ca+, calcium; EF, Ejection Fraction.