Table 3.
Proportion of Participants Who Were Prescribed Any Antibiotic in a Randomized Controlled Trial That Introduced Point-of-Care Tests to Guide Management of Outpatients With Febrile Illness at 3 Clinical Sites in Uganda
| All Sites | Aduku (Kwania District) | Nagongera (Tororo District) | Kihihi (Kanungu District) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotic Prescription | Intervention, n/N (%) | Control, n/N (%) | RR [95% CI] |
Intervention, n/N (%) | Control, n/N (%) | RR [95% CI] |
Intervention, n/N (%) | Control, n/N (%) | RR [95% CI] |
Intervention, n/N (%) | Control, n/N (%) | RR [95% CI] |
| Total (all ages) | 661/1188 (55.6%) |
654/1211 (54.0%) |
1.03 [.96, 1.11] | 248/401 (61.8%) | 238/399 (59.6%) | 1.04 [.93, 1.16] | 174/398 (43.7%) | 148/402 (36.8%) | 1.19 [1.00, 1.41] | 239/389 (61.4%) | 268/410 (65.4%) | .94 [.85, 1.05] |
| Patient age categories | ||||||||||||
| <5 years | 208/364 (57.1%) |
185/377 (49.1%) |
1.16 [1.02, 1.33] |
84/116 (72.4%) | 34/67 (50.7%) | 1.43 [1.10, 1.85] | 72/158 (45.6%) | 66/198 (33.3%) | 1.37 [1.05, 1.77] | 52/90 (57.8%) | 85/112 (75.9%) | .76 [.62, .94] |
| 5 to <10 years | 109/196 (55.6%) |
94/236 (39.8%) |
1.40 [1.14, 1.71] |
38/60 (63.3%) |
29/83 (34.9%) | 1.81 [1.28, 2.58] | 28/69 (40.6%) | 17/66 (25.8%) | 1.58 [.96, 2.60] | 43/67 (64.2%) | 48/87 (55.2%) | 1.16 [.9, 1.51] |
| 10 to <15 years | 56/102 (54.9%) |
46/111 (41.4%) |
1.33 [1.00, 1.76] |
17/33 (51.5%) |
16/43 (37.2%) | 1.38 [.83, 2.31] | 11/23 (47.8%) | 4/21 (19.0%) | 2.51 [.94, 6.69] | 28/46 (60.9%) | 26/47 (55.3%) | 1.10 [.78, 1.56] |
| ≥15 years | 288/526 (54.8%) |
329/487 (67.6%) |
.81 [.73, .90] |
109/192 (56.8%) | 159/206 (77.2%) | .74 [.64, .85] | 63/148 (42.6%) | 61/117 (52.1%) | .82 [.63, 1.05] | 116/186 (62.4%) | 109/164 (66.5%) | .94 [.80, 1.10] |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Female | 396/716 (55.3%) | 411/742 (55.4%) | 1.00 [.91, 1.10] |
171/269 (63.6%) | 159/252 (63.1%) | 1.01 [.88, 1.15] | 96/226 (42.5%) | 97/243 (39.9%) | 1.06 [.86, 1.32] | 129/221 (58.4%) | 155/247 (62.8%) | .93 [.80, 1.08] |
| Male | 265/472 (56.1%) | 243/469 (51.8%) | 1.08 [.96, 1.22] |
77/132 (58.3%) | 79/147 (53.7%) | 1.09 [.88, 1.34] | 78/172 (45.3%) | 51/159 (32.1%) | 1.41 [1.07, 1.87] |
110/168 (65.5%) | 113/163 (69.3%) | .94 [.81, 1.10] |
| Enrollment period | ||||||||||||
| July–September 2020 | 5/19 (26.3%) |
14/21 (66.7%) |
.40 [.18, .89] |
2/7 (28.6%) | 4/7 (57.1%) | .50 [.13, 1.90] | 3/12 (25.0%) | 10/14 (71.4%) | .35 [.12, .99] |
0/0 | 0/0 | … |
| October–December 2020 | 129/58 (50.0%) |
146/256 (57.0%) |
.88 [.75, 1.03] |
42/88 (47.7%) | 48/84 (57.1%) | .84 [.63, 1.11] | 32/88 (36.4%) | 47/85 (55.3%) | .66 [.47, 0.92] |
55/82 (67.1%) | 51/87 (58.6%) | 1.14 [.91, 1.44] |
| January–March 2021 | 195/325 (60.0%) |
188/340 (55.3%) |
1.09 [.95, 1.24] |
77/114 (67.5%) | 69/120 (57.5%) | 1.18 [.96, 1.43] | 41/101 (40.6%) | 36/100 (36.0%) | 1.13 [.79, 1.60] | 77/110 (70.0%) | 83/120 (69.2%) | 1.01 [.85, 1.20] |
| April–June 2021 | 227/389 (58.%) |
207/375 (55.2%) |
1.06 [.93, 1.20] |
102/136 (75.0%) | 76/124 (61.3%) | 1.22 [1.03, 1.45] | 59/131 (45.0%) | 39/132 (29.5%) | 1.52 [1.10, 2.11] |
66/122 (54.1%) | 92/119 (77.3%) | 0.70 [.58, .85] |
| July–September 2021 | 105/197 (53.3%) |
99/219 (45.2%) |
1.18 [.97, 1.43] |
25/56 (44.6%) | 41/64 (64.1%) | .70 [.49, .98] | 39/66 (59.1%) | 16/71 (22.5%) | 2.62 [1.63, 4.22] |
41/75 (54.7%) | 42/84 (50.0%) | 1.09 [.81, 1.47] |
| Respiratory vs nonrespiratory syndromea | ||||||||||||
| Respiratory | 349/648 (53.9%) |
223/421 (53.0%) |
1.02 [.91, 1.14] |
132/206 (64.1%) | 116/179 (64.8%) | 1.00 [.85, 1.15] |
103/255 (40.4%) | 58/183 (31.7%) | 1.27 [.98, 1.65] |
114/187 (61.0%) | 49/59 (83.1%) | .73 [.62, .86] |
| Nonrespiratory | 312/540 (57.8%) |
412/753 (54.7%) |
1.06 [.96, 1.16] |
116/195 (59.5%) | 122/220 (55.5%) | 1.07 [.91, 1.27] | 71/143 (49.7%) | 71/182 (39.0%) | 1.27 [1.00, 1.63] | 125/202 (61.9%) | 219/351 (62.4%) | .99 [.87, 1.14] |
| Malaria RDT result | ||||||||||||
| Positive | 313/500 (62.6%) |
170/473 (35.9%) |
1.74 [1.52, 2.00] |
138/217 (63.6%) | 80/189 (42.3%) | 1.50 [1.24, 1.83] | 72/112 (64.3%) | 11/96 (11.5%) | 5.61 [3.16, 9.95] | 103/171 (60.2%) | 79/188 (42.0%) | 1.43 [1.17, 1.76] |
| Negative | 348/688 (50.6%) |
376/508 (74.0%) |
.68 [.63, .75] |
110/184 (59.8%) | 121/144 (84.0%) | .71 [.62, .82] | 102/286 (35.7%) | 75/163 (46.0%) | .78 [.62, .97] | 136/218 (62.4%) | 180/201 (89.6%) | .70 [.62, .78] |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; RDT, rapid diagnostic test; RR, relative risk.
As indicated by the managing clinician based on symptoms and signs, before performance of diagnostic tests.