Table 1. Overall accuracy of the clinical features of heart failure.

Clinical features with high sensitivity can help us rule out the disease when a patient has a negative result. Whereas clinical features with high specificity are useful when ruling in a patient's disease^37,43.

Clinical features	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)
History of MI	26	89
Dyspnea	87	51
Orthopnea	44	89
Peripheral edema	53	72
Lung crepatation	51	81
Elevated jugular venous pressure/ jugular venous distention	52	70
Cardiomegaly	27	85
Pathologic S3 or S4 heart sounds	11	99
Hepatomegaly	17	97
ECG in HFrEF	89	56
BNP	93	74
NT-proBNP	93	65
Chest radiograph	68	83
Echocardiography in HFpEF	85	96
Echocardiography in HFrEF	96	80