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. 2023 Apr 22;51(8):1179–1193. doi: 10.1007/s10802-023-01049-w

Table 1.

Participant Demographics

Participant Demographics Mean SD Range
Age 13.4 1.7 11.0–16.9
Mean caregiver years of education 15.8 2.6 10.0–28.0
Full Scale IQ (WISC-R/III) 106.9 13.3 70.0–144.0
Sex as identified by caregivera N
Female 431
Male 364
Race

Wave 1

(1995–2006)c,d

Wave 2

(2006–2011)c,d

Asian  < 2%  < 2%
Black  < 2%  < 2%
Hispanic or Latino/a/x 2.6%
Multiple groups identifiedb 10.1% 9.3%
Native American/American Indian/Alaska Native/Indigenous  < 2%  < 2%
White 86.4% 86.8%
Prefer to self-describe  < 2% 2.0%
Ethnicity
Hispanic or Latino/a/x 3.1%
Multiple ethnicities identifiedb 7.8%
Not Hispanic or Latino/a/x 89.1%

aWe assessed sex as binary and did not include intersex as an option. We did not assess self-reported gender. We have revised our demographic data collection to be more inclusive of gender identities

bIn earlier phases of data collection, caregivers self-reported race and ethnicity for themselves but not their children. Here we indicate if caregivers endorsed multiple identifications. We want to note the limitations of this approach, however, as it does not capture the identification that families and children would choose for the child. We have revised the race and ethnicity data collection to align with current best practices for inclusiveness in research studies (e.g., Wadsworth et al., 2016)

cOur earliest waves of data collection included a single variable that combined race and ethnicity, consistent with federal guidance at the time. Since 2006, we have been collecting race and ethnicity information separately

dFor additional confidentiality protections for participants, if the percentage representation of a group is less than 2%, we indicate < 2%