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. 2023 Apr 22;51(8):1179–1193. doi: 10.1007/s10802-023-01049-w

Table 2.

Indicators for Psychopathology Symptom Dimensions

Measure Reported Test–retest Reliability Cronbach’s alpha: current sample Brief Description Sample Item Reference
Child-report Internalizing
CDI 0.66–0.82 0.83 Self-report of depressive symptoms Ex. I am sad all the times, many times, or once in a while Kovacs (1981)
DICA GAD module 0.54 0.72 Self-report of generalized anxiety symptoms, worry across contexts Ex. I worry a lot about doing things perfectly Boyle et al. (1993)
YSR – anxious/depressed 0.74 0.83 Self-report ratings of anxiety and depression symptoms Ex. I feel too guilty Achenbach and Rescorla (2001)
YSR – withdrawn 0.67 0.64 Self-report ratings of withdrawn symptoms Ex. I am too shy or timid Achenbach and Rescorla (2001)
YSR – somatic 0.76 0.72 Self-report ratings of somatic symptoms Ex. Nausea without known medical cause Achenbach and Rescorla (2001)
Caregiver-report Externalizing
DICA ODD module 0.67 0.77 Caregiver interview regarding symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder Ex. Often argues with parents, teachers, or other adults Boyle et al. (1993)
DICA CD module 0.87 0.66 Caregiver interview regarding symptoms of conduct disorder Ex. Have they ever stolen anything without the person noticing Boyle et al. (1993)
CBCL – aggressive behavior 0.90 0.90 Caregiver ratings of aggressive behaviors Ex. Gets in many fights Achenbach and Rescorla (2001)
CBCL – delinquency 0.91 0.78 Caregiver ratings rule-breaking behaviors Ex. Lying/cheating Achenbach and Rescorla (2001)

Combined scale:

DICA CD/CBCL delinquency

N/A 0.78 Caregiver ratings of conduct and delinquency Ex. Skips school Created for this manuscript
Caregiver-report Attention/Hyperactivity
DBRS Inattentive 0.71–0.94 0.94 Caregiver ratings of DSM-IV inattentive symptoms Ex. Fails to give close attention or makes careless mistakes Barkley and Murphy (1998)
DBRS Hyperactive/Impulsive 0.66–0.93 0.88 Caregiver ratings of DSM-IV hyperactive/impulsive symptoms Ex. Often “on the go” or as if driven by a motor Barkley and Murphy (1998)
CBCL – attention problems 0.92 0.84 Caregiver ratings of inattention Ex. Fails to finish things they start Achenbach and Rescorla (2001)

CDI Child Depression Inventory, DICA GAD Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents, Generalized Anxiety Disorder module, YSR Youth Self Report, ODD Oppositional Defiant Disorder, CD Conduct Disorder, CBCL Child Behavior Checklist, DBRS Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale