Fig. 4.

Relationship between the distal periosteum/CCC and the enveloping skin in both pedicle stump (A-C) and P2 stump (D-F). A Sagittally-cut surface at late wound healing stage; note that at distal third of the stump, the PP and the enveloping skin had almost fused together (white arrow), whereas at the proximal two-thirds, the two tissue types only loosely associated with each other (white arrowhead). B Skin-less antler (white arrow), regenerated after insertion of an impermeable membrane between the PP and the pedicle skin at the distal third (fused) of a pedicle stump prior to antler regeneration. C Laterally thickened pedicle stump (white arrow), created after insertion of an impermeable membrane between the PP and the pedicle skin at the proximal two-thirds region (loosely associated) of a pedicle stump prior to antler regeneration. D At an early wound healing stage of a mouse leg stump; note that the CCC had formed, but this callus was separated widely by layers of loose connective tissues and muscle (flowers). E At a late wound healing stage; note that the CCC and the enveloping skin were still widely separated by the multiple layers of tissues (flowers). F At the completion of wound healing; note that the open end of the bone marrow cavity had sealed, but the stump bone and enveloping skin were still widely separated by the multiple layers (flowers)