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. 2023 Jul 25;13:12003. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38588-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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INF2 variants alter actin networks in HeLa cells expressing wild-type or pathogenic INF2 variants. (A) Representative images of four subgroups of actin stress fiber patterns. Confocal images were subdivided according to previous study^22,23. Class 1: heavy, distinct cables cross > 90% of the central area of the cell; Class 2: at least two heavy, distinct cables enter the central half of the cell and the remaining area is filled with fine cables; Class 3: cells have only fine cables; and Class 4: no cables are detectable in the central area. Scale bars: 10 µm. (B) Histogram showing a proportional distribution of F-actin phenotypes. Immunofluorescence images (n = 100) were visually inspected and scored by two independent investigators. The proportional distributions of actin phenotype categories were significantly different between wild-type INF2 (WT) and each variant, and between FSGS- and CMT/FSGS-causing variant subgroups. Inter-subgroup differences were analyzed by Fisher exact test with multiple testing correction: not significant (ns) or significant (asterisks).